Immune Basics Flashcards
Immunology
The study of the body distinguishing between self and no self
Immunocompetence
When the immune system responds appropriately to foreign stimuli
Immunoincompitance
When the immune system reacts too much or too little which disrupts homeostasis and allows diseases to develop
Autoimmune disorder
The inability of the body to recognize self so it attacks own body
MS, RA, lupus, myasthenia gravis
Immunodeficiency
Inability of immune system to protect self like aids -acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
Leukemia
2 subcategories of immunity
Innate/natural
Or
Adaptive/acquired
Innate/natural immunity
First line of defense that provides physical and chemical barrier. Non-specific immunity.
Skin, sebaceous glands,mucous membranes, cilia, stomach acid, tears, saIiva secretions and Flora of intestine and vagina
Include Phagocytes, natural killer cells, complement system, fever, interferons.
Adaptive or acquired immunity
2nd line of defense and is specific to foreign pathogens. Uses humoral and cell mediated immunity.
Humoral immunity
Mediated by B cell’s and their production of antibodies. B memory cells allow faster response to previous exposure of bacteria.
Active immunity
By vaccine
Passive immunity
Temporary immunity from a specific disease like when a mother gets sick and passes antibodies to baby through breast milk
Cell mediated immunity
T cells are activated by an antigen. They are released into the blood and body system and attach to antigen they were sensitive to and kill it
Immunotherapy
Similar to allergy shots where the body builds a tolerance to the allergen
T helper (CD4) and T suppressor (CD8)
Helps determine strength or immune response. A ratio of 2:1 that if disrupted causes autoimmune disease or immunodeficiency disease
Origin of B &T cells
Both originate in red bone marrow. B cells are processed in red bone marrow while T cells are processed in thymus.
Attenuated vaccine
It is a live virus but weakened so you don’t get sick
Measles mumps rubella
Toxoid vaccine
Is bacterial toxins that are modified to prevent disease
Diphtheria & tetanus
Histamine
Causes vessels to be leaky at a site of infection so phagocytes and complement proteins can enter area of inflammation and neutralize foreign debris. Too much histamine=anaphylaxis
Anaphylaxis
Hypersensitive reaction. If pt is itchy, sweaty, can’t breathe it is bad. Bp decreases and that is really bad.
Bp decrease is caused by severe vasodilation as a consequence of release of certain chemical mediators from the mass cells. This vasodilation causes increase and capillary permeability which causes fluid to seep from vascular space into the interstitial space.
Inactivated vaccine
Vaccine that is in activated or killed
Influenza and hepatitis A
Recombinant technology vaccine
A vaccine modified in a lab using partial organisms or bacterial proteins
Interferon
Are cytokines secreted by lymphocytes and macrophages that have been infected with the virus. They slow the spread of viral infections and hands the activity of existing Leukocytes.
Interleukins
Are another class of cytokines secreted by lymphocytes, monocytes, and macrophages. They boost the activity of natural defense mechanisms.
Transplant rejection
Caused by a hypersensitivity reaction. In order for the body to not attack The foreign Organ immunosuppressants are required.
Some of these immunosuppressive drugs are corticosteroids, cyclosporine (Neoral, Sandimmune) and azathioprine (imuran)
Mutations
Are in our body all the time but our immune system gets rid of them when it is immunocompetent. If the system is Immunoincompitance and the mutation can turn into cancer.
Nosocomial infections
Infections acquired in the hospital
Inflammation
Symptoms include: swelling, pain, redness, heat
Primary immunodeficiency disorders
They are primary at the immune cells are in improperly developed or absent. These can include phagocytic defects, b cell deficiency, T cell deficiency, A combined B cell and T cell deficiency.
Secondary immunodeficiency disorder
secondary disorders are more common and may be less severe and are usually caused by illness or treatment. Drug induced immunosuppression is the most common type of secondary immunodeficiency deficiency disorder. Other types can be stress, malnutrition, radiation, surgical removal of lymph nodes, sinus, or spleen.
