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Immune System > immune > Flashcards

immune Flashcards

1
Q

Inappropriate immune responses lead to

A

** allergies**

or

**autoimmune responses **

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2
Q

The primary pathogens are

A

bacteria and viruses.

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3
Q

are non-nucleated, single-celled micro-organisms

A

Bacteria

are non-nucleated, single-celled micro-organisms

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4
Q

are not cellular, consisting of a nucleic acid enclosed by a protein coat

A

**
Viruses**

are not cellular, consisting of a nucleic acid enclosed by a protein coat

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5
Q

Effector Cells

A

Never

Let

Monkeys

Eat

Banannas

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6
Q

are highly mobile phagocytes

A

**Neutrophils **

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7
Q

secrete chemicals that fight parasites

A

Eosinophils

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8
Q

release histamine

A

Basophils

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9
Q

change into macrophages (resident phagocytes)

A

Monocytes

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10
Q

Lymphocytes are of two types

A

B lymphocytes
T lymphocytes

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11
Q

lymphocytes

change into plasma cells that make antibodies

A

B lymphocytes

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12
Q

Lymphocyte

are responsible for cell-mediated immunity

A

T lymphocytes

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13
Q

A given leukocyte is present in the blood only ____________. Most are in the_______ on “defense missions”

A

A given leukocyte is present in the blood only _transiently. _ Most are in the tissue on “defense missions”

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14
Q

Most leukocytes arise directly from

A

** stem cells in the bone marrow**

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15
Q

Lymphocytes arise from lymphocyte colonies in

A

lymphoid tissue

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16
Q

Two Intrinsic Defense Systems

A
  1. Innate (nonspecific) system
  2. Adaptive (specific) defense system
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17
Q

Innate (nonspecific) system responds quickly and consists of:

A
  1. First line of defense
  2. Second line of defense
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18
Q

– skin and mucosae prevent entry of microorganisms

A

First line of defense

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19
Q

antimicrobial proteins, phagocytes, and other cells

A

Second line of defense

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20
Q

Second line of defense – antimicrobial proteins, phagocytes, and other cells DO WHAT?

A

Inhibit spread of invaders throughout the body

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21
Q

Second line of defense – its most important mechanism

A

Inflammation

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22
Q

Adaptive (specific) defense system

THAT
– mounts attack against particular foreign substances

A

Third line of defense –

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23
Q

Adaptive (specific) defense system

Takes longer to react than the innate system &
Works in conjunction with the innate system

A

Third line of defense –

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24
Q

Adaptive (specific) defense system
Third line of defense – mounts attack against particular foreign substances
HUMORAL IMMUNITY CONTAINS-

A

B CELLS

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25
Q

Adaptive (specific) defense system
Third line of defense – mounts attack against particular foreign substances
CELLULAR IMMUNITY CONTAINS

A

T-CELLS

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26
Q

Skin
_________ (pH of 3 to 5) inhibits bacterial growth

A

Acidity

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27
Q

Skin

___________contains chemicals toxic to bacteria

A

Sebum

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28
Q

_______in the skin:
Presents a physical barrier to most microorganisms
Is resistant to weak acids and bases, bacterial enzymes, and toxins

A

Keratin

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29
Q

Mucosae provide similar ________ barriers

A

mechanical

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30
Q

Mucosae provide similar mechanical barriers
Stomach mucosae secrete concentrated_______ and protein-digesting enzymes

A

HCl

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31
Q

Mucosae provide similar mechanical barriers

Saliva and lacrimal fluid contain ________

A
    • lysozyme
    • *
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32
Q

Mucosae provide similar mechanical barriers

traps microorganisms that enter the digestive and respiratory systems

A

Mucus

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33
Q

Mucosae provide similar mechanical barriers

Respiratory tract mucosae

_____________ in the nose trap inhaled particles
Mucosa of the upper respiratory tract is _________
______ sweep dust- and bacteria-laden mucus away from lower respiratory passages

A
  1. Mucus-coated hairs in the nose trap inhaled particles
  2. Mucosa of the upper respiratory tract is ciliated
  3. Cilia sweep dust- and bacteria-laden mucus away from lower respiratory passages
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34
Q

The body uses nonspecific cellular and chemical devices to protect itself

  2. 3.
A
  1. Phagocytes and natural killer (NK) cells
  2. Antimicrobial proteins in blood and tissue fluid
  3. Inflammatory response
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35
Q

derived from monocytes) are the chief phagocytic cells

A

Macrophages

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36
Q

wander throughout a region in search of cellular debris

A

Free macrophages

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37
Q

are fixed macrophages

A

Kupffer cells (liver)

and

microglia (brain)

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38
Q

become phagocytic when encountering infectious material

A

Neutrophils

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39
Q

are weakly phagocytic but important against parasitic worms

A

Eosinophils

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40
Q
  • adherence more efficient if complement proteins or antibodies coat microbe
A

Opsonization -

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41
Q

Microbes adhere to the phagocyte by

A

“signature” carbohydrates

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42
Q

Phagocytosis

Pseudopods engulf the particle into a

A

Phagosomes

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43
Q

Phagocytosis

Phagosomes fuse with a lysosome to form a

A

phagolysosome

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44
Q

Phagocytosis

Invaders in the phagolysosome are digested by

A

proteolytic enzymes

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45
Q

Phagocytosis

Indigestible and residual material is removed by

A

exocytosis

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46
Q

Macrophages and other phagocytic cells have this &

recognize specific classes of infecting microbes

A

Toll-like Receptors (TLRs)

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47
Q

Binding TLRs promotes phagocytosis and triggers the release of ________that promote inflammation

A

cytokines

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48
Q

React nonspecifically and eliminate cancerous and virus-infected cells

A

Natural Killer (NK) Cells

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49
Q

Natural Killer (NK) Cells

Kill their target cells by releasing _______and other cytolytic chemicals

*Same method as Cytotoxic T lymphocytes

A

perforins

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50
Q

Natural Killer (NK) Cells

Also secrete chemicals that enhance the

A

inflammatory response

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51
Q

The four cardinal signs of acute inflammation are

A

redness, heat, swelling, and pain

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52
Q

Inflammation Response

Flood of inflammatory chemicals released into

A

extracellular fluid

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53
Q

Remember activated TLRs trigger the release of cytokines that promote inflammation
Cytokine =

A

cell to cell signaling molecule

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54
Q

Inflammation Response

WHAT IS released from basophils and mast cells in response to physical injury

A

Histamine

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55
Q

Inflammation Response

WHAT IS released by injured tissue

A

Prostaglandins

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56
Q

Inflammation Response

Cause local small blood vessels to dilate, resulting in

A

hyperemia

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57
Q

Inflammatory Response: Vascular Permeability

Chemicals liberated by the inflammatory response ______ the permeability of local capillaries

A

increase

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58
Q

Inflammatory Response: Vascular Permeability

—fluid containing proteins, clotting factors, and antibodies

A

Exudate—

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59
Q

___________seeps into tissue spaces causing local edema (swelling), which contributes to the sensation of pain

A

Exudate

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60
Q

The surge of protein-rich fluids into tissue spaces :

  1. Helps dilute harmful substances
  2. Brings in large quantities of oxygen and nutrients needed for repair
  3. Allows entry of clotting proteins, which prevents the spread of bacteria
A

(edema):

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61
Q

Inflammatory Response: Phagocytic Mobilization

Inflammatory chemicals diffusing from the inflamed site act as

A

chemotactic agents

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62
Q

Inflammatory Response: Phagocytic Mobilization

4 main phases

A
  1. Leukocytosis
  2. Margination
  3. Diapedesis
  4. Chemotaxis
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63
Q

– neutrophils are released from the bone marrow in response to leukocytosis-inducing factors released by injured cells

A

Leukocytosis

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64
Q

– neutrophils cling to the walls of capillaries in the injured area

A

Margination

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65
Q

– neutrophils squeeze through capillary walls and begin phagocytosis

A

Diapedesis

66
Q

– inflammatory chemicals attract neutrophils to the injury site

A

Chemotaxis

67
Q

Antimicrobial Proteins

Enhance the innate defenses by:

A
  1. Attacking microorganisms directly
  2. Hindering microorganisms’ ability to reproduce
68
Q

Antimicrobial Proteins

The most important antimicrobial proteins are:

A
  1. Interferon
  2. Complement proteins
69
Q

Genes that synthesize IFN are activated when a

A

host cell is invaded by a virus

70
Q

Interferon molecules leave the infected cell and enter

A

neighboring cells

71
Q

Interferon stimulates the neighboring cells to activate genes for an

A

antiviral protein

72
Q

The antiviral protein nonspecifically blocks ________in the neighboring cell

A

viral reproduction

73
Q

Complement System

Can be activated in two ways

A
  1. By exposure to molecules microorganisms surface
  2. By exposure to antibodies (next lecture)
74
Q

Complement System

Does two things

A
  1. Formation of Membrane Attack Complex that kills microbes
  2. Augmentation of the inflammation
75
Q

Complement can be activated by two pathways:

A
  1. Classical pathway
  2. Alternative pathway
76
Q

Antibodies bind to invading organisms
C1 binds to the antigen-antibody complexes (complement fixation)

A

Classical pathway

77
Q

Triggered by factors B, D, and P, and polysaccharide molecules present on invading organisms

A

Alternative pathway

78
Q

Both pathways(classical&alternative)

converge on ____, which cleaves into C3a and C3b

79
Q

______ initiates formation of a membrane attack complex (MAC)

80
Q

MAC causes cell ______ by allowing influx of water

81
Q

C3b also causes_________,

and

C3a causes________

A

opsonization

and

nflammation

82
Q

The body’s thermostat is reset upwards in response to ____________, chemicals secreted by leukocytes and macrophages exposed to bacteria and other foreign substances

A

** pyrogens **

83
Q

High fevers are dangerous because they can

A

denature enzymes

84
Q

Moderate fever can be beneficial, as it causes:

A

The liver and spleen to sequester iron (needed by microorganisms)

An increase in the metabolic rate, which speeds up tissue repair

85
Q

Why is Adaptive (Specific) Defenses

a functional system?

A
  1. Recognizes specific foreign substances - particular pathogens or foreign substances
  2. Is systemic - not restricted to initial infection site
  3. Has “memory” - after initial exposure, second response is stronger and faster
  4. Also amplifies inflammatory response and activates complement
86
Q

adaptive(specific) immune system has two separate but overlapping arms called

A
  1. Humeral, or antibody-mediated immunity
  2. Cellular, or cell-mediated immunity
87
Q

Antibodies freely circualte in the blood and lymph
Bind bacteria, toxins, free viruses
Marking for destruction is known as what immunity?

A

Humeral, or antibody-mediated immunity

88
Q

What immunity is -Living cells protect against …
Cells - infected with viruses, cancerous, from a graft

A

Cellular, or cell-mediated immunity

89
Q

Compounds that elicit antibody production

A

Antibody generator

90
Q

Antigens can be found on ?

A

surface of bacteria, on the surface of red blood cells, in pollens, in toxins, in food

91
Q

Antigens can be an enormous variety of materials but
what induces strong response

A

Proteins and polysaccharides

92
Q

Y-shaped protein that has two regions:

A

Antibodies

93
Q

Antibodies 2 region names

A

Fc Region

Fab region

94
Q

The constant region is the stem of the Y

95
Q

The two (identical) variable regions are the arms of the Y

A

(Fab region)

96
Q

how can specific immunity be specific

A

variable region

(Fab region)
binds to a specific antigen

97
Q

Two types of lymphocytes

A

B lymphocytes

T lymphocytes

98
Q

types of lymphocytes
– oversee humoral immunity

A

B lymphocytes

99
Q

type of lymphocytes
– non-antibody-producing cells that constitute the cell-mediated arm of immunity

A

T lymphocytes

100
Q

Play essential auxiliary roles in immunity

A

Antigen-presenting cells (APCs):

101
Q

Antigen-presenting cells (APCs):
what are the (professional APC)

A
  1. Macrophage,
  2. Neutrophil,
  3. Dendritic cells
102
Q

Lymphopoiesis involves

A

bone marrow

thymus,

peripheral lymphoid tissue

103
Q

All lymphocytes begin maturation in

A

bone marrow

104
Q
  1. B cells finish maturation in the
  2. T cells finish maturation in the
  3. Mature but still “naïve” cells travel to
A
  1. bone marrow
  2. thymus
  3. peripheral lymphoid tissue
105
Q

first encounter between an antigen and a naive immunocompetent cell

A

Antigen challenge

106
Q

Humoral Immunity Response Antigen challenge Takes place in the

A

spleen or other lymphoid organ

107
Q

If the lymphocyte is a B cell:
The challenging antigen provokes a ________ immune response
___________ are produced against the challenger

A

If the lymphocyte is a B cell:
The challenging antigen provokes a humoral immune response
Antibodies are produced against the challenger

108
Q

– cellular differentiation and proliferation, which occurs on the first exposure to a specific antigen

  1. Lag period: 3 to 6 days after antigen challenge
  2. Peak levels of plasma antibody are achieved in 10 days
  3. Antibody levels then decline
A

Primary immune response

109
Q

– re-exposure to the same antigen

  1. Sensitized memory cells respond within hours
  2. Antibody levels peak in 2 to 3 days at much higher levels than in the primary response
  3. Antibodies bind with greater affinity, and their levels in the blood can remain high for weeks to months
A

Secondary immune response

110
Q

Active Humoral Immunity what encounters antigens and produce antibodies against them

111
Q

response to a bacterial or viral infection

A

Naturally acquired –

112
Q

response to a vaccine of dead or attenuated pathogens

A

Artificially acquired

113
Q

spares us the symptoms of disease, and their weakened antigens provide antigenic determinants that are immunogenic and reactive

A

Vaccines –

114
Q

Passive Humoral Immunity

Differs from active immunity in the antibody source and the degree of protection by

A
  1. B cells are not challenged by antigens
  2. Immunological memory does not occur
  3. Protection ends when antibodies naturally degrade in the body
115
Q

Passive Humoral Immunity

  1. – from the mother to her fetus via the placenta
  2. – from the injection of serum, such as gamma globulin
A
  1. Naturally acquired – from the mother to her fetus via the placenta
  2. Artificially acquired – from the injection of serum, such as gamma globulin
116
Q

Antibodies themselves do not destroy antigen; they

A

inactivate and tag it for destruction

117
Q

All antibodies form an

A

antigen-antibody (immune) complex

118
Q

Defensive mechanisms used by antibodies are:

  3. 4.
A

Defensive mechanisms used by antibodies are:

  1. Complement fixation
  2. Neutralization
  3. Agglutination
  4. Precipitation
119
Q

Main mechanism used against cellular antigens

A

Complement fixation

120
Q

This triggers complement fixation and cell lysis

A

Antibodies bound to cells change shape and expose complement binding sites

121
Q

Remember, complement activation also:

  1. Enhances the__________response
  2. Uses a ______ feedback cycle to promote phagocytosis
  3. Enlists more and more ________ elements
A

Remember, complement activation also:

  1. Enhances the inflammatory response
  2. Uses a positive feedback cycle to promote phagocytosis
  3. Enlists more and more defensive elements
122
Q

– antibodies bind to and block specific sites on viruses or exotoxins, thus preventing these antigens from binding to receptors on tissue cells

(mask dangerous parts of baterial exotoxins; viruses)

A

Neutralization

123
Q

Cell bound antigens-

  • antibodies bind the same determinant on more than one antigen
    *Makes antigen-antibody complexes that are cross-linked into large lattices
A

Agglutination

124
Q

soluble molecules are cross-linked into large insoluble complexes

A

Precipitation

125
Q

Antibody Structure

consist of

___ polypeptide chains linked together with____bonds
Two identical heavy (H) chains and two identical light (L) chains

A

Four polypeptide chains linked together with disulfide bonds
Two identical heavy (H) chains and two identical light (L) chains

126
Q

Each chain of the Antibody has a _____ region at one end and a_________ region at the other

A

Each chain has a variable (V) region at one end and a constant (C) region at the other

127
Q

What part of the Antibody structure combines to form the antigen-binding site

A

Variable regions of the heavy and light chains

128
Q

To code for this many antibodies,_______________takes place:

*Gene segments are shuffled and combined in different ways by each B cell as it becomes ____________

*Random mixing of gene segments makes unique antibody genes that:
Code for _____ of the H and L chain

A

To code for this many antibodies, somatic recombination takes place:
Gene segments are shuffled and combined in different ways by each B cell as it becomes immunocompetent
Random mixing of gene segments makes unique antibody genes that:
Code for V region of the H and L chain

129
Q

Antibodies responding to different antigens have different _____ regions but the _____ region is the same for all antibodies in a given class

_____ regions form the stem of the Y-shaped antibody and determine the class of the antibody

A

** (V) Varible**

(C) Constant

(C) Constant

130
Q

There are five classes of antibodies:

A
  1. ** IgD**
  2. IgM
  3. IgG
  4. IgA,
  5. IgE
131
Q

– monomer attached to the surface of B cells, important in B cell activation

132
Q

– pentamer released by plasma cells during the primary immune response

A

** IgM** – pentamer released by plasma cells during the primary immune response

133
Q

– monomer that is the most abundant** and **diverse antibody in primary and secondary response; crosses the placenta and confers passive immunity

134
Q

dimer that helps prevent attachment of pathogens to epithelial cell surfaces

A

** IgA** – dimer that helps prevent attachment of pathogens to epithelial cell surfaces

135
Q

monomer that binds to mast cells and basophils, causing histamine release when activated

A

_ IgE_ – monomer that binds to mast cells and basophils, causing histamine release when activated

136
Q

________ are primarily helper T cells (TH)
_____________ are cytotoxic T cells (TC) that destroy cells harboring foreign antigens

A

CD4 cells (T4 cells)

** CD8 cells** (T8 cells)

137
Q

__________ proteins – found on virtually all body cells
_________ proteins – found on certain cells in the immune response

A
  • *Class I MHC** proteins – found on virtually all body cells
  • *Class II MHC** proteins – found on certain cells in the immune response
138
Q
  • Found on almost all cells
  • Always recognized by CD8 cytotoxic T cells
  • Display peptides from endogenous antigens
    *
A

Class I MHC proteins

139
Q
  • Found on B-cells and phagocytic cells
  • Always recognized by CD4 helper T cells
  • Display peptides from exogenous antigens
A

Class II MHC proteins

140
Q

They circulate throughout the body in search of body cells that display forign antigen on MHC I

A

TC cells, or killer T cells, cytoxic cells

141
Q

The four major types of grafts are:

A

The four major types of grafts are:
Autografts – Isografts – Allografts – Xenografts –

142
Q

– graft transplanted from one site on the body to another in the same person

A

_ Autografts_ – graft transplanted from one site on the body to another in the same person

143
Q

– grafts between identical twins

A

_ Isografts_ – grafts between identical twins

144
Q

– transplants between individuals that are not identical twins, but belong to same species

A

Allografts – transplants between individuals that are not identical twins, but belong to same species

145
Q

– grafts taken from another animal species

A

_ Xenografts_ – grafts taken from another animal species

146
Q

Congenital and acquired conditions in which the _function or production of immune cells, phagocytes, or complement is abnormal
_

A

Immunodeficiencies

147
Q

Immunodeficiency-

a genetic defect that producse:

*A marked deficit in B and T cells
Abnormalities in interleukin (chemokine that signals between WBCs) receptors
or
Defective adenosine deaminase (ADA) enzyme
Metabolites lethal to T cells accumulate

A

SCID – severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) syndromes

148
Q

SCID is _____ if untreated; treatment is with_____

A

SCID is fatal if untreated; treatment is with bone marrow transplants

149
Q

Acquired Immunodeficiencies

– cancer of the lymph nodes leads to immunodeficiency by depressing lymph node cells

A

Hodgkin’s disease

150
Q

– cripples the immune system by interfering with the activity of helper T (CD4) cells
Characterized by severe weight loss, night sweats, and swollen lymph nodes
Opportunistic infections occur, including pneumocystis pneumonia and Kaposi’s sarcoma

A

Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) –

151
Q

*Loss of the immune system’s ability to distinguish self from nonself
*The body produces autoantibodies and sensitized TC cells that destroy its own tissues

A

Autoimmune Diseases

152
Q

Examples include multiple sclerosis, Type I (juvenile) diabetes mellitus, and rheumatoid arthritis

A

Autoimmune Diseases

153
Q

Hypersensitivities categories:

  • Immediate
  • IgE-Mediated
  • E.g., anaphylactic shock
    *
154
Q

Hypersensitivities categorie:

  • Cytotoxic
  • E.g., Blood transfusion reactions
    *
155
Q

Hypersensitivities categorie:

  • Immune Complex (Ab/Ag)-Mediated
  • E.g., Disseminated intravascular coagulation in Gram-negative septicemia
    *
A
    • Type III
    • *
156
Q

Hypersensitivities categorie:

  • Delayed Cell-Mediated
  • E.g., Tuberculin reaction
157
Q
  • Caused by IgM and IgG (not IgE)
  • Onset is slow (1–3 hours) after antigen exposure
  • Duration is long lasting (10–15 hours)
A

Type II Hypersensitivities

158
Q
  • Antibodies bind to antigens on specific body cells, stimulating phagocytosis and complement-mediated lysis of the cellular antigens
  • Example: mismatched blood transfusion reaction
A

Cytotoxic (type II) reactions

159
Q

*Immune complexes are eliminated by phagocytosis
*with excess of antigen many small immune complexes are made

“block” small capillaries (e.g., in kidney)
Called Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation

A

Type III Hypersensitivities

160
Q

Infection of blood (septicemia) by _________bacteria
Leads to LPS in blood, immune complexes

A

Infection of blood (septicemia) by Gram-negative bacteria
Leads to LPS in blood, immune complexes

161
Q

Delayed hypersensitivities caused by cell-mediated immunity

Poison ivy and poison oak
Latex products
Tuberculin skin test

A

Type IV Hypersensitivities

Immune System (1 decks)

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