immune Flashcards
Two main fluid systems in body
Blood and lymph
Lymph color
Clear or slightly yellow fluid that travels through lymphatic system
Lymph function
Important role in function for immune system, a complex system of cells, tissues, organs and vessels that work together to defend body against infection
Lymph contains?
WBC;s, which remove waste, germs and toxins.
Lymphatic system function
Bathes internal tissues and controls fluid balance by removing excess lymph and returning it to the bloodstream.
Why is collection and drainage process important?
Prevents swelling due to buildup of excess fluid
General function of immune system
Protect body from pathogens. Relies on structures from several body systems. Defense system.
integumentary system w immune
skin acts as barrier against pathogens
respiratory w immune
contains cilia and mucous membranes that trap foreign substances
digestive w immune
stomach produces acids and enzymes to destroy invaders
lymphatic with immune
protects the body against harmful substances
Lymphatic system role
manufactures and transports lymph from tissues into blood stream
Lymph other names
lymphatic fluid or interstitial fluid
Lymph movement
Leaves capillaries and circulates through lymphatic vessels and tissue before returning to the venous circulatory/cardiovascular system.
How does lymph differ from blood
Does NOT contain erythrocytes or platelets. Contains leukocytes and plasma.
Leukocytes and plasma role
Leave circulatory system and travel through the filtering pathway for the lymphatic system. Once cleaned, leukocytes return to circulatory system where they resume role as protectors.
What also returns to the circulatory system to fight disease-causing agents
Antibody rich plasma protein
Lymphatic vessesl
Capillaries and ducts of the lymphatic
Lymphatic capillaries function
Thin-walled microscopic tubes that carry lymph to larger vessels and lymphatic tissues. Like veins, lymphatic vessels contain one way valves, moves lymph away from body tissues and toward thoracic chest.
Right lymphatic duct
drains lymph from the right arm and right side of head and thorax.
Thoracic duct
situated in the chest, drains lymph from the lower right side and left side of the body
Lacteals
Specialized lymphatic vessels located in the villi. Tiny, finger like projections of the small intestine. Removes waste products from villi and carry these to the thoracic duct.
What do villis do
Enable small intestine to absorb nutrients and pass these nutrients into the blood stream.
Lymph nodes
Small bean shaped structures. filter foreign suubstances form lymph before return to blood.
Lymphocytes
Cells that perform immune system surveillance by detecting and destroying foreign cells
Tonsils
Small masses of lymphatic tissue that form a protective ring in the pharynx and nasal cavity
3 types of tonsils
palatine, throat, lingual, base of tongue, adenoids, nasopharynx upper part of throat behind nose
Adenoids other name
Pharyngeal
Function of tonsils
protect body from infection by trapping pathogens that enter through the mouth and nose
Thymus
gland located in the area of the chest between the lungs
mediastinum
area of chest between lungs
Thymosin
Hormone secreted by thymus that stimulates the bone marrow to manufacture T cells.
T lymphocytes process
Mature in thymus, enter bloodstream and defend the body against disease
Spleen
Largest lymphatic organ. Located in upper left side of abdominal cavity.
Spleen function
Filters blood by destroying worn out erythrocytes. Produces lymphocytes, stores thrombocytes and serves as a reservoir for blood, for circulation for blood loss. Controls amount of blood.
Hemolysis
breaking down of RBCs
Spleen doesn’t contain?
A cavity or lumen, rich with blood and blood vessels.
exsanguination
bleeding to death, if spleen is injured, it may have to be surgically removed to avoid this. Absence of a spleen weakens the immune system.
Liver
Right upper quadrant of the abdomen. Filters blood through Hemolysis and stores erythrocytes.
Peyer’s patches
small bundles of lymphatic tissue in the walls of the small intestines. protects body from harmful invaders in digestive tract.
Immunity
ability to resist pathogens and toxins that cause infection
Leukocytes
primary cells that perform functions of immune system
Where are leukocytes manufactured
bone marrow
Two types of leukocytes
polymorphonuclear and mononuclear
polymorphonuclear leukocytes
nucleus made of multiple segments. Also called granulocytes. Cytoplasm is filled with granules
Granules
tiny particles that contain enzymes for digesting infectious microorganisms
Mononuclear leukocytes
One nucleus, Agranulocytes because cytoplasm does not contain granules.
Neutrophils
Destroy harmful pathogens.
Granulocyte types
Neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils
Pathogen
Disease causing microorganism.
Phagocytes
Other name for neutrophils, eat or swallow harmful invaders
Eosinophils
Secrete chemicals to attack parasites. Respond during allergic reactions and cause inflammation.
allergic reaction
Hypersenstivity to an allergen. Allergens can be breathed in the lungs, swallowed or injected.
Basophils
Contain histamine and heparin.Involved in inflammatory responses.
histamine
Chemical compound that body cells release during an inflammatory response
Heparin
Naturally occurring acid in body that prevents coagultion
Inflammation
Naturally occurring healing process that the body undergoes in response to injury or invasion
Inflammatory response characteristics
Erythema, edema, fever and pain
Agranulocytes types
Monocytes and lymphocytes
monocytes
Large, single nucleus phagocytes that ingest and dispose of dead or dying cells. When monocytes move from blood stream into tissues, they’re called macrophages.
Lymphocytes
Cells involved in immune surveillance, detecting and destroying foreign cells. T cells and B cells.
T cells
Made in bone marrow and mature in the thymus, are involved in cell mediated immunity
T cells types
Cytotoxic, helper cells, NK cells, suppressor cells
Cytotoxic
attach to antigens and destroy
Helper cells
T4 cells, aid B cells in recognizing antigens and stimulating antibody production
NK cells
Lymphocyte, targets pathogenic cells by recognizing certain sugars present.
Suppressor cells
Slow or stop activity of B or T cells once a invader has been destroyed
B cells
Transform into plasma cells in response to an antigen. Secrete immunoglobulins. Response is called humoral immunity.
Immunoglobulins
Specific antibodies that protect immune system by targeting the antigen
IgA
Antibodies in respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts. secreted in saliva, tears and breast milk.
IgD
Antibodies in blood plasma. Attach to surfaces of b cells as antigen receptors.
IgE
Antibodies secreted by plasma cells in skin, tonsils and respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts. Stimulate histamine.
IgG
Main defense against invaders. 75% of immunoglobulins. Found in blood plasma and crosses placenta and provides fetal immunity.
IgM
Fight blood infections. When they bind to B cell receptor sites in plasma, they act as a powerful agglutinating agent.
Natural immunity
Type of immunity with which you were born. Body is genetically predisposed to protect you from certain species, race or sex.
Phagocytosis
Phagocytes engulf and digest disease causing cells and cellular debris
What happens when monocytes circulating in your bloodstream leave?
Become macrophages. They consume infectious cells. Help body combat invaders by activating other cells to aid in the fight against infection.
Acquired immunity
Body’s ability to protect itself against a specific bacterium. Classified as acquired active or passive immunity.
Acquired active immunity
Immune system is exposed and learns to defend against one type of pathogen
AAI - immunity through disease
When a pathogen enters, b and T cells produce memory cells. These antibodies remain until disease is gone. The next time the pathogen tires to attack, the memory cells spring into action to prevent reinfection.
AAI - Vaccination
After a vaccine, which contains modified pathogen that stimulates antibody production. these provide protection against pathogens that were used to make the vaccine. Also called immunization.
Acquired passive immunity
Short term immunity that comes from antibodies produced in a body other than ur own
PAI - serum
Contains antibodies from animals or people, can be made in a lab. serum injection prevents a particular disease. Not long lasting despite instant immunity.
PAI - gamma globulins
Injections of these from other individuals. rich in immunoglobulins, special protein that defend the body. Boost immune systems of patients.
PAI - babies
Antibodies pass through placenta of a pregnant person into the baby blood. Gives newborns passive immunity until they develop antibodies. Breast milk delivers immune system boosting antibodies after birth.
PAI
Immunity can be transplanted, like bone marrow transplants for treating immune deficiency disorders
