Immune

Question 1

ADCs are molecules made of a monoclonal antibody linked to a cancer drug.
Figure 1 shows how an ADC enters and kills a tumour cell.
The process of entering the cell and the breakdown of the antibody to
release the drug is very similar to phagocytosis.

Use your knowledge of phagocytosis to describe how an ADC enters and kills the tumour cell

Answer 1

Cell membrane surrounds the antibody/ADC (to take it inside the cell)
Process endocytosis for ingest/engulf
2. Lysosomes fuse with vesicle/phagosome (containing ADC)
3. Lysozymes breakdown/digest the antibody/ADC to release the drug
hydrolytic enzyme for lysozyme

Question 2

Some of the antigens found on the surface of tumour cells are also found
on the surface of healthy human cells.
Use this information to explain why treatment with an ADC often causes side effects

Answer 2

ADC will bind to non-tumour/healthy cells
2. Cause death/damage of non-tumour/healthy cells

Question 3

Suggest and explain two further investigations that should be done before this ADC is tested on human breast cancer patients.

Answer 3

2-Tested on (healthy) humans to check for safety/side effects or test in other animals like rats
3. See if repeat doses stop the tumours regrowing (in Group J)

Question 4

Give two types of cell, other than pathogens, that can stimulate an immune
response.

Answer 4

(Cells from) other organisms/transplants

2. Abnormal/cancer/tumour (cells)
3. (Cells) infected by virus

Question 5

What is the role of the disulfide bridge in forming the quaternary structure of an antibody?

Answer 5

Joins two (different) polypeptides;
Or enables polypeptide chain separating

Question 6

How HIV prevent immune responses

Answer 6

Less/no antibody produced
Because HIV destroys helper T cells

(So) few/no B cells undergo mitosis/differentiate/form plasma cells

Question 7

In human immunodeficiency virus state the component that is most likely to acts as an antigen and give reason to answer

Answer 7

Glycoprotein
Stick out of cell and most antigen are made up protein and all other components are the same and inside

Question 8

What is the evidence of call going thru anaphase?

Answer 8

The chromosomes are moving away to different poles of cell

Question 9

Give 2 process which occur during interphase that enable cell division to occur

Answer 9

-Dna/chromosomes replicate and other organelles in cell
-the cell undergoes growth, increasing in size and accumulating the necessary cellular components for division

Question 10

How would you calculate the magnification of a photograph?

Answer 10

Measure scale and convert it in units mm or units which photograph has
And do image size/ scale(measure)

Question 11

Why would organisms need to carry out active transport when they already carry out other transports

Answer 11

-Is essential for organisms when they need to move substances across cell membranes against their concentration gradient or when the process requires energy input.

-Active transport allows organisms to control their internal environments and perform functions vital for survival and proper cellular activity.