Immune Flashcards
Innate/Natural Immune System
Limited specificity
immediate reaction
does not improve
no memory
Acquired/adaptive immune system
highly specific
develops in several days
Improves after exposure
has memory
cellular components of the natural immune system
granulocytes
monocytes/macrophages
natural killer cells
dendritic cells
mast cells
cellular components of the acquired immune system
CD4+ (helper) T cells
CD8+ (cytotoxic) T cells
B cells
plasma cells
Humoral components of the natural immune system
complement proteins
cytokines
acute phase proteins
antimicrobial proteins
Humoral components of the acquired immune system
antibodies
Possible modulators of immune competence during anesthesia and surgery
Volatile Anesthetics and Immune Response
Neutrophils
Fight bacterial and fungal infections
Most abundant type of WBC’s (60%)
Circulating neutrophils are rapidly primed to extravasate and migrate toward a site of inflammation/infection.
Monocytes
Circulating cells of the phagocyte system enter tissue and mature into macrophages
Phagocytosis
Release cytokines
Present pathogens to T-lymphocytes
Macrophages
Macrophages aretissue-resident or infiltrated immune cells critical for innate immunity, normal tissue development, homeostasis, and repair of damaged tissue.
Macrophage function is a sum of the local environment in which they reside, and the type of injuries or pathogen to which they are exposed
Often the first responders to infection, sending recruitment signals to other effector cells
Natural Killer Cells
Natural killer cellsprovide first line of defense against many viruses
Natural Killer (NK) Cells or large granular lymphocytes
____ develop in bone marrow and are potent killers of virus infected self cells
natural killer cells
____ are the main immune cells of the pregnant uterus, protects fetus against viral infections
natural killer cells
volatile anesthetics effect on immune cells (literature)
In vitrostudies revealed suppressive effects of volatile anesthetics on peripheral blood mononuclear cells(PBMCs) and macrophages
Sevoflurane and isoflurane at concentrations of 1.5 to 2.5 MAC suppressed the release of interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor(TNF)-α from human peripheral mononuclear cells stimulated by NK–sensitive tumor cells\
the role of platelets in fighting infection
Platelets have significant role in modulating clot formation
Additionally, they have considerable roles in inflammation and immune response
Gather at the damaged cite and adhere to white blood cells - release cytokines and chemokines which are chemotactic for neutrophils and monocytes.
Therefore, platelets are necessary for targeting lymphocytes, neutrophils and monocytes to inflammation site. Those interactions enhance inflammation
Serve as an immune cell by engulfing microbes
platelets and volatile anesthetics
Although the results of many studies have been conflicting, it appears that halothane, sevoflurane, and propofol inhibit platelet function in a reversible and dose-related manner at concentrations used clinically
Microglia
Resident cells of the brain that regulate brain development, maintenance of neuronal networks, and injury repair
Serve as brain macrophages but are distinct from other tissue macrophages owing to their unique homeostatic phenotype and tight regulation by the CNS microenvironment
They are responsible for the elimination of microbes, dead cells, redundant synapses, protein aggregates, and other particulate and soluble antigens that may endanger the CNS
Microglia and anesthesia
Inhaled anesthetics have been demonstrated to cause neuroinflammation by activating microglia and may be involved in perioperative neurocognitive disorders
Etomidate induces PND attributed to hippocampal microglial activation during the early pathological stage
Propofol has no effects on neuroinflammation and cognition in the Alzheimer’s transgenic model
Development of B-cells begins in _____.
bone marrow and is completed in lymph tissue.
B cells
When a mature B cell encounters and binds antigen, it proliferates and differentiates into plasma cells that secrete soluble antibodies directed against the antigen
The secreted antibodies are Ig molecules and members of the gamma globulin fraction of serum proteins
Humoral Response to Antigen
B-cell binds to antigen
Secretes soluble antibodies directed against that antigen
The secreted antibodies are immunoglobulin (Ig) molecules
There are five main classes: IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM
IgA
Found in mucous, saliva, tears, and breast milk. Protects against pathogens.
IgD
Part of the B cell receptor. Activates basophils an d mast cells.