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Histology > IMMS Practical 1 > Flashcards

IMMS Practical 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most commonly used dye combination?

A

Haematoxylin and Eosin

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2
Q

What does haematoxylin stain?

A

Stains nuclei and other acidic cell components (e.g. RNA) blue.

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3
Q

What does Eosin stain?

A

Stains cell cytoplasm and many extracellular fibres pink.

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4
Q

Example of a component that doesn’t stain with H&E?

A

Extracellular jelly

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5
Q

What can white space indicate on a histology slide?

A
  • artefact
  • lumen of a structure
  • extra-cellular jelly / other unstained component
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6
Q

What is the epithelium?

A

Border of cells, sometimes around empty space

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7
Q

What does the PAS stain show?

A

Shows sugars in magenta

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8
Q

What does the Van Gieson stain show?

A

Elastic fibres and tissues in brown.

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9
Q

What does Alcian Blue stain show?

A

Stains mucins blue.

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10
Q

What does a trichrome stain show?

A

Stains different tissues different colours in the same section.

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11
Q

What are the 6 different shapes of cells?

A
  • rounded / globular
  • polygonal
  • fusiform
  • squamous
  • cuboidal
  • columnar
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12
Q

What is an example of a rounded cell?

A

Red blood cells

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13
Q

Why are cells polygonal?

A

Soft cells squashed together

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14
Q

Examples of fusiform cells?

A
  • smooth muscle

- fibroblasts

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15
Q

What do squamous cells look like?

A

Flattened, like thin plates.

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16
Q

What makes a cell cuboidal?

A

A cell that is as tall as it is wide

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17
Q

What makes a cell columnar?

A

A cell that is taller than it is wide

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18
Q

What are some features of metabolically active cells?

A

Larger, have nucleoli and lots of cytoplasm.

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19
Q

What are some features of dormant cells?

A

Smaller, less cytoplasm and single nucleolus

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20
Q

What is the function of the nucleolus?

A

Forms ribosomal RNA

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21
Q

What is the diameter of the nucleolus?

A

Around 1 - 3 um

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22
Q

What are the 2 types of chromatin?

A

Euchromatin, heterochromatin

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23
Q

How can you distinguish between the two types of chromatin?

A

Euchromatin - lighter areas of nucleus

Heterochromatin - darker areas of nucleus

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24
Q

Where is the cell is DNA located?

A

95% - nucleus

5% - mitochondria

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25
Q

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

A

Processes macromolecules synthesised in the ER

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26
Q

In which cells is the Golgi apparatus particularly prominent?

A

Plasma cells have a perinuclear ‘hoff’ (a pale area adjacent to the nucleus) which is the Golgi apparatus

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27
Q

What are some features of the nucleus of plasma cells?

A
  • eccentric nucleus, at the edge of the cell
  • clock face nucleus - prominent pattern of euchromatin and heterochromatin
  • perinuclear hoff - Golgi apparatus
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28
Q

What is the function of the cis face of the Golgi apparatus?

A

Faces the nucleus, receives transport vesicles from the smooth ER, phosphorylates some proteins

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29
Q

What is the function of the trans Golgi network?

A
  • proteolysis

- sorts macromolecules into vesicles which bud from the surface

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30
Q

What is the function of the medial Golgi?

A

Central part, forms complex oligosaccharides by adding sugars to lipids and peptides

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31
Q

Diameter of intermediate filaments in the cytoskeleton?

A

10nm

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32
Q

What is the function of intermediate filaments?

A
  • anchored to transmembrane proteins
  • spread tensile forces through tissues
  • specific functions generally unknown
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33
Q

Why are intermediate filaments useful clinically?

A

Immunohistochemistry can be used to identify the intermediate filaments in cells, therefore distinguishing between cell types.

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34
Q

What are cytokeratins and where are they found?

A

Intermediate filament, epithelial cells

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35
Q

What is desmin and where is it found?

A

Intermediate filament, myocytes

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36
Q

What is glial fibrillary acidic protein and where is it found?

A

Intermediate filament, astrocytic glial cells

37
Q

What are astrocytic glial cells?

A

Supportive cells of the central nervous system

38
Q

What is neurofilament protein and where is it found?

A

Intermediate filament, neurons

39
Q

What is nuclear laminin and where is it found?

A

Intermediate filament, nuclei of all cells

40
Q

What is vimentin and where is it found?

A

Intermediate filament, mesodermal cells

41
Q

What is lipofuscin?

A

A membrane-bound orange-brown pigment.

42
Q

How is lipofuscin produced?

A

Produced by the peroxidation of lipids in older cells, common in the heart and liver.

43
Q

How are where are lipids stored in the body?

A

Stored in non-membrane-bound vacuoles, found in adipocytes and the liver.

44
Q

How do stored lipids appear on a histology slide?

A

Appear as empty space because they dissolve in processing.

45
Q

What is glycogen? Can it be seen under a light microscope?

A

A CHO polymer in the cell cytoplasm, normally only seen under an electron microscope.

46
Q

Why would glycogen accumulate?

A

As a result of disease, or normally in certain cells.

47
Q

What are tissues composed of apart from cells?

A
  • interstitial fluid

- extracellular material

48
Q

What is interstitial fluid made up of?

A

Water, salts, peptides, proteins

49
Q

What does extracellular material consist of?

A

Fibrillar proteins - collagen and elastin, form tendons
Glycosaminoglycan jelly
Solid inorganic salts

50
Q

What is interstitial growth?

A

The lengthening of the bone resulting from the growth of cartilage and its replacement with bone tissue.

51
Q

Where is hyaline cartilage not associated with perichondrium?

A

Where it lines a synovial joint.

52
Q

How are cells distributed in hyaline cartilage?

A

Found in small clusters, move apart as cells secrete extracellular matrix material during interstitial growth.

53
Q

What are the cells in hyaline cartilage called?

A

Chondroblasts

54
Q

What are some features of lymphocytes?

A
  • small, around 10um in diameter
  • little cytoplasm
  • nucleus occupies 90% of cell
  • dormant and undifferentiated until stimulated
  • when stimulated, cytoplasm increases in volume
55
Q

What is the substance in thyroid follicles?

A

Colloid

56
Q

What are some features of motor neurons?

A
  • metabolically active
  • large cell body to provide metabolic support for the large cell axon & electrochemical gradient creation
  • many motor neurons are multipolar, with many dendritic processes
  • around 100um diameter of cell body, axons up to 1m in length
57
Q

What cells have a lifespan of days?

A

Gut lining

58
Q

What cells have a lifespan of months?

A
  • blood
  • skin
  • connective tissues
59
Q

What cells have a lifespan of years?

A
  • bone

- tendons

60
Q

What cells live for almost an entire human lifespan?

A
  • skeletal muscle
61
Q

What cells live for an entire human lifespan?

A
  • nerve and brain cells
  • cardiac muscle
  • germ cells
62
Q

What is the function of enzymes associated with the outer mitochondrial membrane?

A
  • lipid synthesis

- fatty acid metabolism

63
Q

What is the function of enzymes associated with the inner mitochondrial membrane?

A
  • respiratory chain (electron transport chain) for ATP production
64
Q

What is the function of enzymes associated with the mitochondrial matrix?

A

TCA (tricarboxylic acid cycle) / Krebs cycle

65
Q

What is the function of enzymes associated with the intermembranous space?

A

Nucleotide phosphorylation (the conversion of ADP to ATP)

66
Q

What is the rough ER

A

The site of protein synthesis

67
Q

What is the smooth ER, what it’s function?

A

Site of membrane lipid synthesis and synthesised protein processing.

68
Q

What are vesicles?

A

Small membrane-bound organelles used for transport, storage and exchanging cell membrane between compartments.

69
Q

What are 5 types of vesicles?

A
  • cell-surface derived pinocytotic and phagocytotic vesicles
  • Golgi-derived transport vesicles
  • ER-derived transport vesicles
  • lysosomes - derived from Golgi
  • peroxisomes
70
Q

What are lysosomes?

A

Sites for protein degradation

71
Q

How are cells protected from unwanted protein degradation by lysosomes?

A
  • there is spacial separation between enzymes which lower pH and enzymes which degrade proteins at a low pH
72
Q

How are lysosomes formed?

A

Hydrolase vesicles fuse with endosomes, creating an endolysosome.

73
Q

What is a hydrolase vesicle?

A

A vesicle which contains enzymes which degrade proteins at a low pH.

74
Q

What is an endosome?

A

A vesicle with H+ -ATPase on its membrane, which creates a low internal pH by pumping H+ ions into the vesicle.

75
Q

What is actin and what is its function?

A
  • forms microfilaments
  • 5nm diameter
  • globular G-actin polymerises into filamentous F-actin
  • actin forms cell cortex to brace the inner surface of the cell-surface membrane
76
Q

What is tubulin and what is it’s function?

A
  • forms microtubules
  • 25nm diameter
  • forms scaffold for chromosomes during mitosis and meiosis
  • scaffold made of alpha- and beta-tubulin which arrange in groups of 13, forming hollow tubes
77
Q

What is the function of epithelial tissue?

A
  • protection
  • absorption
  • secretion
78
Q

What are germ cells?

A

Ova / sperm

79
Q

Examples of supporting tissues (4)

A
  • cartilage
  • bone
  • tendons
  • blood
80
Q

Why are chondroblasts arranged in clusters in the hyaline cartilage matrix?

A

The thickening of the matrix prevents migration of daughter cells after mitosis.

81
Q

Is DNA contained within heterochromatin expressed?

A

Never expressed as heterochromatin remains permanently condensed.

82
Q

Is DNA contained within euchromatin expressed?

A

Yes, as euchromatin decondenses at some point in the life cycle of the cell.

83
Q

What is chromatin?

A

Condensed DNA wound around histones.

84
Q

Does the size/shape of the nucleus change in the normal life cycle of a differentiated cell?

A

Yes, nucleus enlarges as cell goes from being dormant to metabolically active.

85
Q

Is there any significance to enlarged nuclei?

A

May indicate cell malignancy.

86
Q

What happens to the nucleus if the cell dies?

A

It is broken down and reabsorbed.

87
Q

Why might unprogrammed cell death occur?

A

As a result of necrosis.

88
Q

What are peroxisomes?

What is their function?

A
  • small vesicles between 0.5 and 1.0 μm in diameter

- contain enzymes which oxidise long-chain fatty acids

Histology (3 decks)

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