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Phase 1 HS > IMMS HS > Flashcards

IMMS HS Flashcards

1
Q

Homeostasis

A

the maintenance of stable internal conditions within the body

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2
Q

cell communication

  • autocrine
  • paracrine
  • endocrine
A
  • within the same cell
  • signal effects nearby cells
  • signal secreted into blood
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3
Q

Feedback

  • positive=
  • negative=
A
  • amplification process–>chain reaction

- result of action inhibits another action

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4
Q

VIP

water distribution

A

2/3 intracellular
1/3 extracellular:
-80% extracellular space
-20% plasma

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5
Q

osmoregulation

A

(dehydration)

  1. low water levels detected by hypothalamic osmoreceptors
  2. osmoreceptors send signal to pituatary to release ADH
  3. ADH travels to kidney = increases fluid uptake
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6
Q

fluid loss

  • sensible
  • insensible
A
  • can be measured - urine, faeces, breathing

- evapration from the skin

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7
Q

osmolality

A

conc. of solutes in plasma per kg of solvent

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8
Q

osmolarity

A

conc. of solutes in plasma per litre of solution

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9
Q

osmotic pressure

A

how easily solution can take in water vs oncotic pressure: specific type of osmotic pressure concerning albumin

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10
Q

oedema

A

increased movement of fluid from plasma to interstitial space, or decrease in vice verse

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11
Q

types of oedema (4)

A

normal-increased hydrostatic pressure forces fluid out of vessels
inflammatory-histamine increases bl vessel permeability
lymphatic=lymph system doesn’t remove fluid from extracellular space
hypoalbuminaemic-decreased albumin=decrease oncotic pressure

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12
Q

carbohydrate

A

6xC monosaccharides

glycosidic bonds form between monosaccharaides to produce disacharrides/polysacharrides (condensation reaction)

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13
Q

lipid

A

hydrophobic

triglyceride - glycerol head with 3 fatty acid tails

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14
Q

nucleotide (structure)

A

nitrogenous base
pentose sugar
phosphate group

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15
Q

nucleotide

A

phospodiester bonds form between adjecent nucleotides

hydrogen bonds form between opposite nucleotides

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16
Q

amino acid (structure)

A

central C atom attached to amine gp, carboxyl gp, H gp, variable gp

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17
Q

amino acids

A

peptide bonds form in condesation reactions

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18
Q

protein structure

1st to 4th

A

primary- specific sequence of amino acids
secondary- alpha helix and beta pleated sheet
tertiary- folding onto 3D shape
(disulphide bridges, H bonds and polar regions)
quartery- multiple tertiary proteins working together (haemoglobin)

19
Q

enzyme (4)

A

biological catalyst
protein and non-protein component
induced fit theory
coenzyme= non-protein component

20
Q

intermolcular forces (weak to strong)

A

: Van der Waals -> permanent dipole -> H bonds

21
Q

cell cycle (4)

A

G1 phase-cellular contents are replicated
S p-chromosomes are replicated
G2 p-replication is checked for errors and components are assembled/arranged

22
Q

mitosis (7)

A

1) Interphase: G1->S->G2 phases (can’t see)
2) Prophase: chromatin condenses to visible chromosomes, AND centrioles migrate to poles of cell
3) Prometaphase: nuclear membrane breaks down AND microtubules from centrioles bind to centromeres
4) Metaphase: chromosomes line up in middle of cell (metaphase plate)
5) Anaphase: sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite ends of cell by microtubules
6) Telephase: nuclear membranse reforms AND chromosomes decondense to form chromatin
7) Cytokinesis: cytoplasm divides to form 2 daughter cells

23
Q

meiosis (3)

A
  1. Interphase: cell contents replicate (2n->4n)
  2. Meiosis 1: mitosis, but crossing over and independent assorment occurs (4n->2n)
  3. Meiosis 2: daughter cells divide to form haploid cells
24
Q 
Meiosis
numerical abnormalities (2)
A

during meiosis 1 or 2 chromosomes are not divided up equally
Down’s syndrome (3x 21)
Turners (x1)

25
Q 
Meiosis
structural (3)
A
  • chromosomes (or bits of) swap places during meiosis 1 + 2
  • different sized chromosomes
  • less serious than numerical as genetic info still present
26
Q

gametogenesis

A

meiosis to form gametes

27
Q

Mendal’s 2nd law

A

the hereditary box crossover diagram (dominant and recc. alleles)

28
Q

gonadal mosaicism

A

epigenetics mean environmental factors (mainly age) cause sperm/egg to have different genetic information to father/mother

29
Q

allele

A

different forms of genes

many within chromosome

30
Q

genotype

A

genetic makeup of an individual

31
Q

phenotype

A

observable characteristics of an individual (gens and environment working together)

32
Q

inheritance (2)

A

mendelian: purely genes
multifactorial: combination of genes and environment

33
Q

autosomal dominant

A

condition presents in heterozygous state - polysistic kidneys, huntingtons

34
Q

autosomal recessive

A

only presents homozygous ie cystic fibrisis, sickle cell aneamia

35
Q

X-linked inheritance (4)

A
  • genes carried on maternal x chromosome
  • unaffected female carriers (predominantly male)
  • heamophilia, muscular dystropy
  • faulty gene can be active or inactive
36
Q

Lyonisation (3)

A
  • random process
  • one of the maternal X chromosomes inactivated
  • gene can be active or inactive
37
Q

Knudson’s 2 hit hypothesis

A

cancer result of accumulated mutations to cell DNA

-relates to discovery of cancer genes anf carcinogenesis

38
Q

Multifactorial diseases (3)

A

combination of genes and environment
risk of condition is highest in relations of ‘diseased’
schizophrenia, cancer, Alzheimer’s

39
Q

penetrance

A

% individuals with specific genotype showing expected phenotype

40
Q

variable expression

A

individuals with same genotype may have differing phenotypes

41
Q

anticipation

A

genetic defects affect successive generations early and more severly, due to repeat triplet sequences

42
Q

metabolism

A

chemical processes occuring within the body to maintain life

43
Q

basal metabolic rate

A

rate of energy use in the body for vital functions at rest

affected by: age, gender, body size, composition

Phase 1 HS (1 decks)

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