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PHASE 1 Medicine > IMMS Histology > Flashcards

IMMS Histology Flashcards

1
Q

Composition of cartilage?

A

Cells:

  • Chondroblasts
  • Chondrocytes

Matrix:
* Hydrophilic chondroitin sulphate-rich amorphous jelly, compressible - made up of glycoaminoglycans (GAGS)

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2
Q

Types of Cartilage?

A

Hyaline-
* Joins- glassy amorphous matrix

Elastic (similar structure to hyaline and fibrous)-
* Pinna of ear and epiglottis - visible elastic fibres within matrix. Able to spring back to its original shape more easily than other types of cartilage

Fibrous-
* Intervertebral discs - visible collagen fibres within the matrix. Collagen fibres are arranged in order, parallel to each other > gives extra strength

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3
Q

Composition of bone?

A

Cells:

  • Osteoblasts: actively synthesise bone
  • Osteocytes: maintain bone & regulate calcium levels
  • Osteoclasts: break down bone and aid in remodelling bone [from a different stem cell to that of osteoblasts & osteocytes]

Matrix:

  • Organic: mostly collagen (type 1)
  • Inorganic: calcium mostly in the form of crystalline hydroxyapatite
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4
Q

Types of bone:

A

Primary bone or woven bone: first to be formed, disorganised (random) matrix

Secondary bone or lamellar bone: remodelled bone, laminated- lighter and stronger

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5
Q

What does primary and secondary bone mean?

A

Primary bone: firs to be formed, even after a fracture

Secondary bone: remodelled bone, highly organised, lighter and stronger

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6
Q

How do you describe the gross appearance of bone?

A
  • Spongy: has holes (bone marrow found here), lightweight, centre of long bones
  • Cancellous: holes, see also spongy
  • Compact: usually secondary bone, outer shafts on long bones
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7
Q

How to describe the mode of formation of bone?

A
  • Membrane: formed directly in a mesenchyme, primary bone

* Endochondral: formed by replacement of cartilage

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8
Q

How to describe deposition of bone?

A
  • Osteons: Haversian systems, secondary bone, concentrically deposited around
    central vessels
  • Appositional: Deposited in layers on external surface of bones
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9
Q

Role of bacteria?

A

Epithelia form barriers: for protection (skin), for absorption (gut) and for secretion
(pancreas)

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10
Q

What are the two main types of epithelium (a layer/layers of cells that rest on a basement
membrane that line a cavity)?

A

Simple: Single layer of cells (lungs)

Stratified: Many layers of cells (skin)

Pseudostratified epithelia don’t fit into either category

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11
Q

Types of simple epithelium?

A

SIMPLE SQUAMOUS
EPITHELIUM:
single layer of flattened cells with parallel oval nucleus. They have a very thin cytoplasm, giving a large plate like cell, with a bulge where the nucleus is - plate like/fried egg in shape - found in the alveoli of the lungs

SIMPLE CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM:
Single layer of cells, roughly square in profile, with a round nucleus. Found in the collecting ducts of kidneys and ducts of glands.

SIMPLE COLUMNAR
EPITHELIUM:
Single layer of cells taller than wide with an oval, perpendicular nucleus. Is the epithelium that lines the inside of the intestines, gall bladder and some airways (bronchus). Microvilli or cilia may be present.

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12
Q

What is microvilli?

A

Regular finger-like projections from the apical surface of absorptive cells

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13
Q

What is cilia?

A

Regular motile appendages on the apical surface of cells of parts of the respiratory and female reproductive tracts

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14
Q

What is the feature of protective function of stratified epithelia?

A

Protective function, composed of many layers of cells, continually being worn down, worn- away cells are replaced from below due to the presence of stem cells

Found in areas where there is continuous abrasion

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15
Q

Subtypes of stratified epithelia?

A

Squamous (plates): keratinised - skin, non keratinised - mouth, oesophagus & vagina - WATERPROOF

Cuboidal (squares): found in some large ducts - NOT WATERPROOF

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16
Q

Types of stratified epithelium

A

Stratified squamous non-keratinised epithelium:
found in the mouth, oropharynx, oesophagus & vagina. Basement membrane lies between epithelium & supportive connective tissue.

Stratified squamous keratinised epithelium:
found on outside of body as hairy or non- hairy skin. Cells on surface of skin are dead, have no nuclei and are full of keratin

Pseudo-stratified epithelia: Stretchable, cells piled up on a basement membrane. Looks like layers of cells when there is actually only one layer

17
Q

Epithelial junctions

A

Adherent (tight) junctions:
band-like fusions between cells that are impervious to most molecules

Desmosomes: plaques that form physical joint between cells and connect the cytoskeletons of adjacent cells

Gap junctions: electrical
junctions that permit the transfer of small molecules

18
Q

Basement membrane?

A

VITAL COMPONENT OF ALL EPITHELIA

Composed of several extra-cellular proteins including Collage IV and fibronectin

Separates the epithelium from underlying connective tissue

Essential for the proper functioning and survival of epithelium - without a basement
membrane the epithelial cells tend to die, in cancer the cancerous epithelial cells break through the basement membrane to spread [EPITHELIAL STRUCTURES ARE MOST LIKELY TO DEVELOP CANCER]

19
Q

Types of muscle?

A

Visceral (smooth) muscle/ involuntary muscle: found in arterial wall, wall of
intestine, airways of lungs, bladder and ureters. Fusiform cells with an oval nucleus

Voluntary (skeletal) muscle: found in skeletal muscles, larynx, diaphragm & eye

Cardiac muscle: found in heart, base of great vessels (aortic or pulmonary artery)

20
Q

Origins of connective tissue?

A

Mainly derived from undifferentiated mesenchymal cells; fibroblast, fat cells & most cartilage and bone cells.

But also from the haemotopoetic stem cell line: monocytes, macrophages, lymphocytes, mast cells, blood cells & others

21
Q

Types of connective tissue?

A

Fibrous: loose or dense (tendon)

Hard: cartilage or bone

Fatty: white (adults) & brown (babies)

22
Q

Types of collagen?

A

Many different types, often tissue specific

Tropocollagen: composed of a triple helix of peptides

Fibroblasts: secrete tropocollagen units

Fibres: assembled extra-cellularly

More than 12 different types: 
• Type I: skin, tendon, organs and bone 
• Type II: cartilage 
• Type III: liver 
• Type IV: basement membranes 
• Type V: placenta
23
Q

Types of fatty tissue?

A

White fat:
Large cells with single fat globule in
each cell. Usually appears empty (white) in slides since fat is extracted during processing

Brown fat:
Cells with many globules of fat. Found across shoulders and down back of newborn - important in neonatal-thermoregulation since they generate heat on breakdown

PHASE 1 Medicine (5 decks)

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