IMMS Histology Flashcards
1
Q
What is this?
A
ALCIAN BLUE
- GAG-rich
- mucous
- mast cells
- cartilage
BLUE
2
Q
What is this?
A
EOSIN
- colloidal proteins
- plasma
PINK
EOSINOPHILIC = ACIDOPHILIC
3
Q
What is this?
A
IRON HAEMATOXYLIN
- nuclei
- elastic fibres
BLACK
4
Q
What is this?
A
PERIODIC ACID SCHIFF (PAS)
- hexose sugars (complex carbs)
- goblet cell mucins
- cartilage matrix
- glycogen
- basement membranes
- brush border
MAGENTA (DARK PINK)
5
Q
What is this?
A
ROMANOVSKY/LEISHMANN’S (BLOOD FILMS)
- Chromatn/nuclei and neutrophil granules (PURPLE)
- eryhtrocytes/eosin granules (RED/PINK)
- lymphocyte/monocyte plasma (PALE BLUE)
- basophil granules (DARK BLUE/PURPLE)
6
Q
A
TOLUIDINE BLUE
- nuclei/ribosomoes (DARK BLUE)
- cytoplasm (PALE BLUE)
- cartilage/matrix/mast cell/GAG rich (BRIGHT PURPLE)
7
Q
A
VAN GIESON’S TRICHROME WITH HAEMATOXYLIN COUNTER STAIN
- collagen (PINK RED)
- cell cytoplasm (YELLOW/OLIVE GREEN)
- nuclei (BLACK)
- elastic tissue (DARK BROWN)
8
Q
A
HAEMATOXYLIN
- nuclei
- RNA
BLUE
BASOPHILIC STRUCTURES = BLUE
9
Q
A
SILVER STAIN - NEURONS
- neurons are large
- 25-60 microns
- because of slide thickness you cannot see all processes
- 1-5 dendritic processes
- metabolically active
- fully differentiated
10
Q
A
LYMPHOCYTE SIZE
- small = 5 microns
- little cytoplasm as dormant and not fully differentiated
- metabolically inactive
- minimal rER
11
Q
A
EPITHELIA
- barries
- single layer = simple
- multi layer = stratified
- stratified = protection
12
Q
A
SIMPLE COLUMNAR
- height > width
- oval nucleus
- longer axis perp. to base of cell
- often microvilli or cilia at apical membrane
- GUT ENTEROCYTES and RESPIRATORY TRACT
left = gallballder
13
Q
A
INTESTINAL EPITHELIUM
- enterocytes w/ goblet cells
- epithelia sit on BM - permeability barrier between epithelium and connective tissue
- microvilli at apical surface = BRUSH BORDER
- brush border - increase SA / attachment of exo-enzymes
- samll intestine = simple columnar
14
Q
A
MICROVILLI/INTESTINAL WITH PAS AND HAEMATOXYLIN
- microvilli with carb. rich GLYCOCALYX
- goblet cells and BM rich in HEXOSE
- stain magenta
15
Q
A
CILIATED SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
- nose/larynx/bronchial tree/fallopian tube
- SIMPLE COLUMNAR EP w/ goblet cells and cilia
- cilia = 2 microns
LEFT = NOSE
stained with H&E and ALCIAN BLUE
cilia movement by tubulin and dynein
16
Q
A
CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM
- square
- round nucleus
- @ducts of exocrine glands - sweat glands, salivary, pancreas
- kidney tissue
17
Q
A
SQUAMOUS
- outer surface of most thoracic and abdominal organs
- simple squamous epithelium (SEROSA)
- also lines pleural and peritoneal cavities
- air sacs of lungs (alveoli)
- FLATTENED
- CYLINDRICAL/ELLIPTICAL NUCLEI @ base of cell
LEFT = serosa @ outer wall intestine
18
Q
A
AIR / BLOOD BARRIER
- septa = capillaries covered by simple squamous ep
- typically 1 micron
- overall thickness = 5-10 microns
- with 2x capillary endothelial cells, 2x T1 pneumocytes and capillary lumen
19
Q
A
STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS
- mouth, throat, oesophagus, anus, vagina
- cells replaced from below
- stem cells (mitosis capable) at basal layer
- sloughed off from top
this slide = moist non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium at mouth
(moist from glandular secretion)
20
Q
A
KERATINISED STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS
- epidermis
- lower layers epidermis similar to stratified squamous
- upper layers syntehsise unique collection of proteins - interact with cytoskeleton of cell to produce keratin
- keratine - dense protein, fills cytoplasm of cells = tough and waterproof
- when full of keratin cells die and are sloughed off
this slide - hairless skin @ lower lip
blue/purple = living
pink = dead keratinised squames
@ boundary =layer with blue keratohyaline granules
STRATUM GRANULOSUM - intermediate with blue grans
STEM CELLS @ basal layers
21
Q
A
PSEUDOSTRATIFIED
- multilayered but when stretched flattens
- TRACHE AND BRONCHI
- @urinary tract = specialised UROTHELIUM
distinguish from stratified
all cells in contact with BM
cells replaced by lateral migration not vertical
this slide - trachea
22
Q
A
CELL JUNCTIONS
- bound tightly together to prevent macromolecule or fluid movement
- DESMOSOMES
- TIGHT (ADHERENT) JUNCTIONS
- GAP JUNCTIONS
23
Q
A
GLANDS
- epithelial in origin - develop as ingrowths
- exocrine glands to surface by ducts
- fluid, lubricants, enzymes
MUCUS - separate acini from serous, occasionally mixed
PALE - flattened nucleus at base of cell
SEROUS
DARK - round nuclei
24
Q
A
CONNECTIVE TISSUE - INTRO
- extracellular fibre scaffold - COLLAGEN/ELASTIN
- jelly-like matrix - hydrophilic polysaccharide polymer - GAG - glycosaminoglycans
- GAG - synthesises @ epithelial cells, muscle, cartilage, bone
- COLLAGEN/ELASTIN synthesised by fibroblast
25
CONNECTIVE TISSUE - TERMINOLOGY
SOFT - flexible/gel-like
* fibrous - collagen/elastic/**reticulin (with silver = black lines)**
LOOSE IRREGULAR - few visible fibres/random orientate
DENSE IRREGULAR - large number of fibres/little matrix
DENSE IRREGULAR - large number of fibres - **long parallel bundles**
* fatty - mainly fat cells with intervening capillaries
**HARD** - bond
26
DENSE IRREGULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE
* dermis of scalp
* long fibres of collagen in many directions
* fibres stain pink
* fibres with dark nuclei (**fibrobalsts**) alongside
* collagen fibres not uniform thickness
* INSET - fibroblast
* COLLAGEN FIBRES = EXTRACELLULAR
27
DENSE REGULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE
* ligament
* thick ribbons of parallel collagen
* fibroblasts at layer between
* compact and regular
**COLLAGEN NEITHER ELASTIC NOR CONTRACTILE**
28
COLLAGEN (TROPOCOLLAGEN = 300n)
* 12 types
* NEITHER ELASTIC NOR CONTRACTILE
**TYPE**
1. SKIN/BONE/TEETH/ORGAN CAPSULES
2. CARTILAGE
3. LIVER/KIDNEY/SPLEEN/**ARTERIES**/UTERUS (reticulin)
4. BASEMENT MEMBRANES (sheet like)
5. PLACENTA
**STRUCTURE** - overlapping linear strands **TROPO-COLLAGEN**
**TC** secreted from fibroblasts - arranged to fibrils extracellularly
overlapping gives rise to characteristic **banding**
**TC =** 3 linear polypeptide chains @ alpha helix
29
LOOSE AND DENSE
* dense irregular at penis erectile compartment (inner) forms a capsule/sheath
* this is common between cells of most organs and tissue
* outside = loose
@ penis - an inextensible capsule around erectile compartments means extra blood makes it turgid
30
RETICULIN (TYPE 3 COLLAGEN) - SILVER STAIN
* shape and intergrity of many organs by extracellular fibres
* coarser elements = T1
* fine frameworkd = T3/reticulin
TISSUE OF RETICULO-ENDOTHELIAL SYSTEM ie. lymph nodes, spleen, liver
**RETICULIN FORMS BRANCHED FIBRES**
- most collagen forms linear fibres
31
ELASTIC FIBRES
* microfibres of **fibrillin** set in amorphous matrix of **elastin**
* **fine fibres** or **sheets**
* PINK WITH H&E - tough to distinguish collagen
* DARKER STAINING
**this slide - large elastic artery**
concentric sheets of elastic tissue (in vessels near heart)
stain pink with eosin
difficult distinguish collagen (GLISTENS)
perforated elastic sheets with snake-like character
32
ELASTIC FIBRES 2
* with elastic Van gieson's trichrome
* DARK BROWN
33
FATTY CONNECTIVE - DIPOSE
* white and brown
* **white fat** more abundant
* large cells with single fat droplet
* protect vital organs and energy store (INSULATION AND PACKING)
* usually deposited alongside capillaries therefore many vessels
* **brown fat** abundant in new born
* limited in later life (chest and shoulder-blade)
* multi-locular - many droplets per cell
* generation of heat via oxidation of FAs
34
NERVES
* supporting cells **OLIGODENDROCYTES (CNS), SCHWANN CELLS (PNS)** produce myelin (insulate/conductive)
* cell bodies mainly at CNS or sensory at DRG
* myelin lost in tissue processing
**this slide - axons in transverse section**
* each axon surrounded by Schwann cell cytoplasm
* with dark staining lamina = myelinated
* A - Schwann cell nucleus
* B - axon w/myelin sheath
* C - unmyelinated axon
* D - myelin sheath
Schwann cells may contain many unmyelinated axons
Myelin linkage: adhesion proteins
35
SCHWANN CELLS AND AXONS SUPPORTED
* each axon with continuous Schwann cell chain
* MYELINATED - 1:1 relationship with Schwann
* UNMYELINATED - several:1
MYELINATED AXONS - generally larger (greater diameter) with increased velocity of conduction
**MYELIN**
membranous, bilipid (phospholipid), proteins inserted between layers
Predominantly phospholipid = **SPHINGOMYELIN**
**MESAXON** - where 2 limbs of Schwann/Oligo around axon **fuse = focal point where myelin inserted in myelin sheath**
36
PERIPHERAL NERVES
* mix of motor/sensory axons
* surrounded by Schwann cells
* between axons = connective tissue network (fibres and cells)
CONNECTIVE TISSUE NETWORK
* endoneurium
* perineurium
* exoneurium
5 **NERVE FIBRES** - with many axons - surrounded by endoneurium and perineurium
Flattened nuclei = fibroblasts
Rounded nuceli = Schwann
37
ISOLATED PERIPHERAL NERVES (OSMIUM TETROXIDE STAIN) - TRANSVERSE
* lipid of myelin sheath extracted in processing
* if treat nerve with osmium tertroxide renders myelin **insoluble**
* myelin = brown/black
**this slide - osmium tetroxide and H&E**
various diameters
many axons = nerve fibre (w/perineum)
many nerve fibres = nerve (peripheral) w/epineurium
38
ISOLATED PERIPHERAL NERVES (OSMIUM TETROXIDE STAIN) - LONGITUDINAL
* worm-like
* constrictions = **NODES OF RANVIER** - boundary between one Schwann cell and next
MYELINATED = 10-100 m/s
UNMYELINATED = 1-20 m/s
39
SYNAPSE
* large number of neuro-secretory vesicles @ presynaptic space
* dark staining either side of synapse
40
NERVE CELL BODIES (SILVER)
* either @ CNS or in discrete ganglia close to spinal cord
* exception is PNS with clusters close to organ innervated
* silver stain has affinity for cytoskeleton of cells
* neurons have **developed cytoskeleton,** therefore stain heavily
GOLDEN BROWN - nucleus pale but nucleolus black
**cytoskeleton - mictrotubules** (tubulin and dynein) = axonal transport i.e. vesicles from golgi to end and back/**neurofilaments** (intermediate architecture) = axonal diameter
**no. processes**
unipolar - sensory
bipolar - interneurons
multipolar - motor neurons
41
NERVE CELL BODIES (H&E)
* sensory cell bodies at DRG
* large
* one axon
* one major dendrite
* appear more rounded than motor neurons
**this slide - DRG with large cell bodies**
DARK STAINING PATCHES IN PERIKARYON (cytoplasm around nucleus) = **NISSL SUBSTANCE (aka rER)**
nissl substance synthesis of proteins for export from cell or inclusion in membrane
