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Histology > IMMS Histology > Flashcards

IMMS Histology Flashcards

1
Q

Epithelial cells (examples)

A
  • Gut and blood vessel lining
  • Covering skin
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2
Q

3 functions of Epithelial cells

A

1 - Barrier
2 - Absorption
3 - Secretion

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3
Q

Special feature of Epithelial cells

A

Tightly bound together by cell junctions

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4
Q

Support cells (examples)

A
  • Fibrous support tissue
  • Cartilage
  • Bone
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5
Q

Function of Support cells

A

Organise and maintain body structure

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6
Q

Special features of Support cells

A

Produce and interact with extracellular matrix material

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7
Q

Contractile cells (example)

A

Muscle

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8
Q

Function of Contractile cells

A

Movement

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9
Q

Special features of Contractile cells

A

Filamentous proteins cause contractions

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10
Q

Nerve cells (example)

A

Brain

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11
Q

Function of Nerve cells

A

Direct cell communication

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12
Q

Special features of Nerve cells

A

Release chemical messengers on to surface of other cells

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13
Q

Germ cells (example)

A

Spermatozoa

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14
Q

Function of Germ cells

A

Reproduction

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15
Q

Special features of Germs cells

A

Half normal chromosome compliment

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16
Q

Blood cells (examples)

A

Circulating red and white blood cells

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17
Q

2 Functions of Blood cells

A

1 - Oxygen transport
2 - Defence

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18
Q

Special features of Blood cells

A
  • Proteins bind oxygen
  • Proteins destroy bacteria
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19
Q

Immune cells (examples)

A

Lymphoid tissues and White cells

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20
Q

Function of Immune cells

A

Defence

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21
Q

Special features of Immune cells

A

Recognise and destroy foreign material

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22
Q

Hormone secreting cells (examples)

A
  • Thyroid
  • Adrenal
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23
Q

Function of Hormone secreting cells

A

Indirect cell communication

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24
Q

Special features of Hormone secreting cells

A

Secrete chemical messengers

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25
Q

Alcian Blue dye
What structures does it stain? (4)
What colour?

A

1 - GAG-rich structures
2 - Mucous goblet cells
3 - Mast cell granules
4 - Cartilage matrix
BLUE

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26
Q

Eosin dye
What structures does it stain? (2)
What colour?

A

1 - Colloidal proteins (plasma)
2 - Keratin
PINK / RED

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27
Q

Haematoxylin dye
What structures does it stain? (2)
What colour?

A

1 - Nuclei
2 - RNA
BLUE

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28
Q

Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS)
What structures does it stain?
What colour?

A

Hexose sugars - especially those in complex carbohydrate structures including Goblet cell mucins, cartilage matrix, glycogen, basement membranes, glycocalx
MAGENTA

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29
Q

Giemsa stain
What structures does it stain?
What colour?

A

Chromatin - PURPLE
Erythrocytes - PINK
Lymphocyte & Monocyte cytoplasm - PALE BLUE

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30
Q

Van Gieson’s trichrome dye
What structures does it stain?
What colour?

A

Collagen - PINK / RED
Cell cytoplasm - YELLOW / GREEN
Nuclei - BLACK

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31
Q

Common structure of cell membranes

A

A lipid bilayer containing specialised proteins and surface carbohydrates

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32
Q

The main membrane-bound compartments of the cell (7) and their functions

A

1 - Nucleus, contains DNA
2 - Mitochondria, provide energy
3 - Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER), biosynthesis of protein and some lipids
4 - Golgi, processing biosynthetic products for incorporation into the cell or secretion
5 - Vesicles, transport material around the cell
6 - Lysosomes, digest macromolecules
7 - Peroxisomes, contain enzymes involved in fatty acid metabolism

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33
Q

Cell structure

A
  • Outer membrane to separate it from the environment and other cells
  • Contain proteins, electrolytes and carbohydrates (cytosol)
  • Cytoskeleton, composed of filamentous proteins (intermediate filaments, actin and microtubules)
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34
Q

3 major types of membrane lipid

A

1 - Phosphoglycerides (phospholipids)
2 - Cholesterol
3 - Glycolipids

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35
Q

Functions of membrane proteins (5)

A

1 - Attach cytoskeletal filaments to the cell membrane
2 - Attach cells to the extracellular matrix
3 - Transport molecules in / out of the cell
4 - Act as receptors for chemical signalling
5 - Possess specific enzymatic activity

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36
Q

Function of Ribosomes

A

It is the site of protein synthesis

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37
Q

What is Cytosol comprised of?

A
  • The ‘machinery’ involved in protein synthesis
  • Filamentous proteins
  • Products of metabolism e.g. glycogen and free lipids
  • Ribosomes, found freely in the cytosol and also as part of R.ER
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38
Q

What is the Nucleus comprised of?

A
  • cellular DNA
  • The nucleolus
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39
Q

Which filamentous proteins form a scaffold within the inner nuclear membrane to maintain the Nucleus’ spherical shape?

A

Lamins

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40
Q

Which proteins does DNA wind around to form nucleosomes?

A

Histones

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41
Q

The two forms of chromatin

A

Euchromatin - lightly stains and is actively transcribed cellular DNA
Heterochromatin - dense staining area due to being highly condensed, is transcriptionally inactive

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42
Q

The site of formation of ribosomal RNA in the nucleus

A

The Nucleolus

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43
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

A form of programmed cell death where the cell shrinks, becomes fragmented, and is ingested by adjacent cells

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44
Q

Classifications of Epithelial cells - shape (3)

A

1 - Squamous (flat, plate-like
2 - Cuboidal
3 - Columnar

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45
Q

Classifications of Epithelial cells - layers (3)

A

1 - Simple (single layer of cells)
2 - Stratified (many layers of cells)
3 - Pseudostratified (several layers of NUCLEI BUT all cells in contact with the extracellular matrix)

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46
Q

Epithelial cell junctions (4)

A

1 - Occluding / Tight
2 - Anchoring
3 - Communicating / Gap
4 - Desmosomes

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47
Q

Functions of Tight / Occluding junctions

A

1 - Prevention of diffusion of molecules between adjacent cells (barrier)
2 - Prevention of lateral migration of specialised cell membrane proteins

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48
Q

Functions of Anchoring junctions

A

Provide stability to groups of epithelial cells so they can function as a cohesive unit

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49
Q

Functions of Desmosomes

A

Connect two cells together using link proteins. Mainly found in stratified squamous epithelium covering the skin

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50
Q

Functions of Communication / Gap junctions

A

Allow selective diffusion of molecules between adjacent cells and facilitate cell-to-cell communication.
Important in Cardiac and Smooth muscle (involuntary) where they pass signals involved in contraction from one cell to another

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51
Q

Mechanisms to increase surface area of epithelial cells (3)

A

1 - Microvilli
2 - Basolateral folds
3 - Membrane plaques

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52
Q

What are Cilia?

A

Hair-like projections, o.2 um in diameter, which move fluid over the cell surface or confer cell motility

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53
Q

The functions of cell surface proteins (3)

A

1) Enzymes
2) Adhesion molecules
3) Cell recognition

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54
Q

Features of mucin-secreting epithelial cells (2)

A

1) Well developed basal rough ER
2) Well developed supra nuclear Golgi

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55
Q

Features of steroid-secreting epithelial cells (3)

A

1)Well developed smooth ER
2) Free lipid in vacuoles in the cell cytoplasm
3) Prominent mitochondria with tubular cristae

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56
Q

Features of Ion-pumping epithelial cells (3)

A

1) Folded cell membrane to increase the active surface area
2) Large numbers of mitochondria closely apposed to the membrane folds to supply ATP
3) Tight junctions to prevent back diffusion

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57
Q

What is Merocrine secretion?

A

Secretion of cell products by exocytosis from the cell apex into a lumen (exocrine)

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58
Q

What is Apocrine secretion?

A

The pinching off of the cell cytoplasm containing cell products (exocrine)

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59
Q

What is Holocrine secretion?

A

Shedding of the whole cell containing the cell product (exocrine)

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60
Q

What does the term Exocrine mean?

A

Secretions from the apex of the cell on to a surface or into a lumen

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61
Q

What does the term Endocrine mean?

A

Secretions from the side or base of the cell which enter the blood stream directly

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62
Q

What is Capillary secretion?

A

Secretion of cell products by endocytosis. Where cell products from the basal layer enter the blood stream

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63
Q

Explain keratinisation

A

Occurs in stratified squamous epithelial cells.
The cytoskeleton becomes tightly condensed with other specialised proteins to form a mass.
This triggers cell death and the formation of a tough impervious and protective layer - keratin.
This remains attached to underlying cells by anchoring junctions.

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64
Q

Where do you find simple squamous epithelium?

A
  • Air sacs of lungs
  • Lining of the heart
  • Blood vessels
  • Lymphatic vessels
65
Q

Where do you find simple cuboidal epithelium?

A
  • Ducts and secretory portions of small glands
  • Kidney tubules
66
Q

Where do you find simple CILIATED columnar epithelium?

A
  • Bronchi
  • Uterine tubes
  • Uterus
67
Q

Where do you find simple NON-CILIATED columnar epithelium?

A
  • Digestive tract
  • Bladder
68
Q

Where do you find pseudostratified CILIATED columnar epithelium?

A
  • Trachea
  • Upper respiratory tract
69
Q

Where do you find stratified squamous epithelium?

A
  • Oesophagus
  • Mouth
  • Vagina
  • Anal canal
70
Q

Where do you find stratified cuboidal epithelium?

A
  • Sweat glands
  • Salivary glands
  • Mammory glands
71
Q

Where do you find stratified columnar epithelium?

A
  • Male urethra
  • Ducts of some glands
72
Q

Where do you find transitional epithelium?

A
  • Bladder
  • Uretha
  • The ureters
73
Q

Name the FOUR fibrillar proteins

A

1) Collagen
2) Fibrillin
3) Elastin
4) Fibronectin

74
Q

Collagen Type I distribution

A

Skin
Dermis
Tendon
Bone
Ligaments
Fibrous cartilage
Loose fibrous tissue

75
Q

Collagen Type II distribution

A

Hyaline and elastic cartilage
Vertebral discs
Vitreous of eye

76
Q

Collagen Type III distribution

A

Blood vessels
Liver
Kidney
Spleen
Uterus

77
Q

Collagen Type IV distribution

A

Basement membranes
External laminae

78
Q

Collagen Type V distribution

A

Placenta
Smooth muscle
Skeletal muscle

79
Q

Name the FOUR layers of the epidermis

A

Basal layer
Prickle cell layer
Granular layer
Keratin layer

80
Q

In which layer of the epidermis are keratinocytes produced?

A

Basal

81
Q

What forms the price cell layer?

A

Keratinocytes

81
Q

What forms the price cell layer?

A

Keratinocytes

82
Q

In which layer is the surface keratin formed?

A

Granular

83
Q

Main role of Langerhans’ cells?

A

Antigen recognition

84
Q

The FIVE main classes of support cell

A

1) Fibroblasts
2) Chondrocytes
3) Osteoblasts
4) Myofibroblasts
5) Adipocytes

85
Q

Define Fibroblasts

A

Secrete the extracellular matrix components in most tissues, usually collagen and elastin

86
Q

Define Chrondrocytes

A

Secrete the extracellular matrix components of cartilage

87
Q

Define Osteoblasts

A

Secrete the extracellular matrix components of bone

88
Q

Define Myofibroblasts

A

Secrete extracellular matrix components and also have a contractile function

89
Q

Define Adipocytes

A

Lipid-storing support cells. Storing energy and also act as cushioning / padding

90
Q

Name the TWO major materials that make up the extracellular matrix in support cells

A

1) GAG - glycosaminoglycans
2) Fibrillar proteins

91
Q

Explain GAG

A

Glycosaminoglycans are large, unbranched polysaccharide chains composed of repeating disaccharide units (70-200 residues).

Strongly hydrophilic because they cannot fold into compact structures, so have a large, open coil conformation.

92
Q

Where is the GAG, Hyaluronic acid found?

A

Cartilage
Synovial fluid
Skin
Support tissue

93
Q

Where is the GAG, Chondroitin sulphate found?

A

Cartilage
Bone
Skin
Support tissue

94
Q

Where is the GAG, Dermatan sulphate found?

A

Skin
Blood vessels
Heart

95
Q

Where is the GAG, Heparan sulphate found?

A

Basement membrane
Lung arteries

96
Q

Where is the GAG, Heparin found?

A

Lung
Liver
Skin
Mast cell granules

97
Q

Where is the GAG, Keratan sulfate found?

A

Cartilage
Cornea
Vertebral disc

98
Q

Define Elastin

A

A hydrophobic protein which assembles into filaments and sheets by cross-linking.
It is the main component of elastic fibres and is produced by fibroblasts.

99
Q

Explain what Microfibrils are

A

They contain fibrillin, a glycoprotein, and are 8 - 12 nm in diameter.
They are prominent in elastic-containing extracellular matrix, particularly in lung, skin and blood vessel walls.

100
Q

The THREE forms of the multifunctional glycoprotein, Fibronectin

A

1) A circulating plasma protein
2) A transient protein that attaches to the surface of many cells
3) Insoluble fibrils forming part of the extracellular matrix

101
Q

The FIVE major components of basement membranes

A

1) Type IV collagen
2) Laminin
3) Heparan sulphate
4) Entactin
5) Fibronectin

102
Q

Laminin

A

A sulphated glycoprotein.
A major extracellular link molecule between cells and extracellular matrix.

103
Q

Entactin

A

A sulphated glycoprotein.
Functions as a link protein binding laminin to Type IV collagen.

104
Q

Tenascin

A

An extracellular glycoprotein.
Particularly expressed in embryonic tissue.

105
Q

The THREE main functions of Basement Membrane

A

1) Adhesion interface
2) Permeability barrier
3) Controls cell organisation and differentiation

106
Q

The FOUR junctions between cells and the extracellular matrix

A

1) Hemidesmosomes
2) Focal contacts
3) Laminin receptors
4) Non-integrin glycoproteins

107
Q

The functions of Fibrocollagenous tissues (5)

A

1) Support - nerves, blood vessels, and lymphatics
2) Separation of functional layers in organs and tissues
3) Support - transient and resident immune cells
4) Formation of fibrous capsule - liver, spleen, kidneys
5) Formation of fibroadipose tissue - encloses and blends with adipocytes

108
Q

The THREE types of cartilage

A

1) Hyaline - contains Type II collagen only
2) Fibrocartilage - contains Type I and II collagen
3) Elastic - contains Elastic fibres and Type II collagen

109
Q

Name the FOUR main groups of contractile cell

A

1) Muscle cells
2) Myofibroblasts
3) Pericytes
4) Myoepithelial cells

110
Q

Name the main constituents of thin and thick filaments found in skeletal muscle

A

Thin - Actin (anchored to the Z line)
Thick - Myosin (anchored to the M line)

111
Q

What powers the contraction of skeletal muscle

A

The hydrolysis of ATP

112
Q

What gives striated muscle this appearance?

A

The close alignment of actin and myosin filaments

113
Q

Where is Smooth muscle found?

A

The walls of most hollow viscera (gut, urinary bladder, uterus)
Blood vessels

114
Q

Describe Smooth muscle

A
  • Spindle shaped
  • Sized from 20 um - 500 um
  • Single centrally located nucleus which is elongated in shape
  • Each cell is surrounded by an external lamina
  • Organised into bundles
115
Q

Explain the TWO types of Smooth muscle

A

Tonic and Phasic.
Characterised by arrangement and speed of contraction.

116
Q

What are the TWO main circulatory systems?

A

1) Blood
2) Lymphatic

117
Q

What are the TWO main Blood circulatory systems?

A

1) Systemic
2) Pulmonary

They depend on the heart. There is a third system - portal - this uses specialised vascular channels to carry substances from one site to another. It does not depend on a central pump (heart).

118
Q

Explain Systemic circulation

A

Transfers oxygenated blood from the heart to body tissue and returns de-oxygenated blood, with a high CO2 content, back to the heart.

119
Q

Explain Pulmonary circulation

A

Transfers de-oxygenated blood, with a high CO2 content, from the heart to the lungs (pulmonary arterial system) and returns re-oxygenated blood from the lungs back to the heart (pulmonary venous system).

120
Q

Name the TWO systemic blood vessels

A

1) Arteries
2) Veins

121
Q

What are Arteries for?

A

To carry blood AWAY from the heart towards the capillary system, under high pressure

122
Q

What are Veins for?

A

To carry blood TOWARDS the heart, from the capillary system, at low pressure

123
Q

Why does the LEFT VENTRICLE have a large component of elastic tissue?

A

The systemic arterial circulation is a high pressure system. It needs the elasticity to manage the high pressure under which it is subjected.

124
Q

Give an example of a LARGE ELASTIC ARTERY

A

The Aorta, and its large branches e.g. the carotid

125
Q

What is the term for the smaller, muscular arteries distal to the large elastic arteries?

A

Arterioles

126
Q

Explain the structure of Arteries

A
  • In the centre is the LUMEN. The channel through which blood flows
  • Surrounding this a layer of Squamous Endothelial cells which rest on a basement membrane
  • Surrounding this is a thin layer of loose connective tissue called the INTIMA
  • In turn this is bound by a layer of elastic tissue - Internal Elastic Lamina
  • Surrounding this is a thick layer of connective tissue called the MEDIA
  • Surrounding its outer layer is a layer of elastic tissue - External Elastic Lamina
  • The final layer comprises loose connective tissue and is called the ADVENTITIA
127
Q

What doe the MEDIA layer comprise?

A

Smooth muscle
Fibroblasts
Collagen
Elastin

128
Q

Explain the structure of Capillaries

A

A layer of vascular Endothelial cells resting on the inside of a Basement membrane

129
Q

How are Elastic arteries characterised?

A

Multiple elastic laminae in the media

130
Q

How are Muscular arteries characterised?

A

Media comprised almost entirely of smooth muscle

131
Q

Name the TWO types of Capillary

A

1) Continuous
2) Fenestrated

132
Q

Explain what is meant by Continuous Capillaries

A

The Endothelial cells form a complete internal lining with no defects. These are tightly attached.

133
Q

Explain what is meant by Fenestrated Capillaries

A

The Endothelial cell cytoplasm is pierced by pores, which extend through its full thickness.
These pores allow for free diffusion.
These are found most commonly in the GI mucosa, Endocrine glands, and Renal glomeruli.

134
Q

Explain the structure of Veins

A

The Lumen is larger and the Media thinner in comparison to arteries. And there is no External elastic lamina.

135
Q

Where are Arteriovenous anastomoses most common?

A

Fingertips
Lips
Nose
Ears
Toes

136
Q

What is Arteriovenous anastomoses?

A

Direct connections between small arteries and small veins

137
Q

What is the function of the Lymphatic system?

A

To carry fluid that drains from intercellular space of tissues

138
Q

What is the function of Nerve cells?

A

Direct communication between different groups of cells

139
Q

Explain the regions of Neurons

A
  • A cell body containing the nucleus and most of the organelles
  • An Axon
  • Dendrites
  • Synapses (specialised cell junctions)
140
Q

Why do Neurons need to be highly metabolically active?

A
  • To maintain a massive surface area of cell membrane
  • To develop electrochemical gradients
141
Q

What type of Neurons do Motor neurone tend to be?

A

Multipolar

142
Q

What type of Neurons do Sensory neurone tend to be?

A

Unipolar

143
Q

What type of Neurons do Interneurons tend to be?

A

Bipolar

144
Q

What is Neuron signalling controlled by?

A

An electrical (ionic) gradient across the cell membrane

Firing is associated with depolarisation of the cell membrane which, in a resting axon, has a negative membrane potential.

Electrical depolarisation is mediated by Ion channels in the cell membrane.

145
Q

Describe a Synapse

A

A special type of cell junction that allows direct communication between cells.

In this instance a transmitter substance is secreted in a highly localised fashion by one cell and received uniquely by another.

146
Q

THREE possible effects of transmitter release

A

1) Depolarisation
2) Hyperpolarisation
3) Altered cell sensitivity

147
Q

The composition of Ganglia

A
  • Neuron cell bodies
  • Support cells (satellite cells and Schwann cells)
  • Axons
  • Loose fibrocollagenous support tissue
148
Q

What is the CNS?

A

The Central Nervous System.

This comprises the brain and spinal cord. Within these are found nerve cells and their processes, together with specialised support cells - glia.

149
Q

List the FOUR Glial cells

A

1) Astrocytes
2) Oligodendrocytes
3) Ependyma
4) Microglial

150
Q

The functions of Astrocytes (3)

A

1) Embryogenesis
2) Fluid transport
3) Structural support

151
Q

The main function of Oligodendrocytes

A

Myelin production

152
Q

The role of Ependymal cells

A

To line the cavities in the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord, forming a sheet of cuboidal cells in contact with the cerebrospinal fluid

153
Q

What is the specialisation of Microglia?

A

Immunity

154
Q

What is the PNS?

A

Peripheral Nervous System

155
Q

What is a Nerve?

A

A collection of axons, linked together by support tissue

156
Q

What is a Ganglion?

A

A peripheral collection of nerve cell bodies together with efferent and afferent axons, and support cells.

157
Q

Explain the term Peripheral nerve

A

Bundles of axons associated with support tissue. They comprise Axons, Schwann cells, Spindle-shaped fibroblast support cells, and Blood vessels.

158
Q

Name the THREE types of support tissue found in a nerve trunk

A

1) Endoneurium
2) Perineurium
3) Epineurium

Histology (1 decks)

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