IMMS Anatomy Flashcards
What is the sagital plane?
vertical plane passing through midline of body, divides into right and left
What are the coronal planes?
divide body into anterior and posterior
What is the parasagital plane?
Runs parallel to sagital plane but to one side
What is the axial plane?
Divides the body into superior and inferior
Name the relative positioning terminology?
- Superior(above) and Inferior(below)
- Lateral(further from the sagittal plane) and Medial (closer to sagittal plane)
- Superficial (closer to surface) and deep(further from surface)
- Anterior (closer to front of the body) and Posterior(closer to back of body)
- Proximal(closer to starting point) and Distal (further from the starting point)
- Ipsilateral(same side of body) and Contralateral (the opposite side of the body)
Describe fibrous joints?
Bones in a fibrous joint are united by fibrous tissue, there is no joint cavity. The amount of movement depends on the length of the fibrous fibres. For example, the sutures of the cranium are fibrous joints with essentially no movement between them. In contrast, the interosseous membrane between the radius and ulna of the forearm forms a partially movable fibrous joint.
Describe cartilagenous joints?
The bones in a cartilaginous joint are united by cartilage, there is no joint cavity.
1. In primary cartilaginous joints the bones are united solely by hyaline cartilage which provides some flexibility e.g. attachment of the ribs to the sternum. 2. In secondary cartilaginous joints the bones are covered with a layer of hyaline cartilage and then united by fibrocartilage which provides strength e.g. the joints between vertebral bodies.
Describe synovial joints?
The bones in a synovial joint are united by a joint capsule enclosing a joint cavity. The joint capsule is composed of an outer fibrous layer and an inner serous synovial membrane. The joint cavity is a potential space which contains lubricating synovial fluid. The bones are covered by articular cartilage. Synovial joints allow free movement between the bones they join. The majority of limb joints are synovial.
What are the six types of synovial joints and give an example for each?
Ball and Socket (hip joint), Hinge(elbow), Condyloid (Metacarpophalengeal joints of fingers), Saddle (Carpometacarpal joint of thumb) , Plane (Acromioclavicular joint), Pivot (Atlanto-axial joint of cervical spine)
What are the features of a ball and socket joint?
• Spherical and concave articular surfaces
• Multiple axes of movement
Permits flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction, and rotation
What are the features of a hinge joint?
Permits flexion and extension only
What are the features of a condyloid joint?
- Similar to saddle joints with movement in two axes but one is usually restricted
- Permits flexion, extension, abduction, adduction and circumduction
What are the features of a plane joint?
- Articular surfaces are flat
- Joint capsules are tight
- Slide movement in planes of articular surfaces
What are the features of a saddle joint?
- Articular surfaces are convex and concave
- Two axes of movement
- Permits flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and circumduction
What are the features of a pivot joint?
Rotation around a central axis
Name the ligaments affected by medial and lateral movement of the knee joint?
• A lateral force applied to the knee will open out the medial angle of the knee and could strain or tear the Medial Collateral Ligament (A). A medial force applied to the knee could open out the lateral angle of the knee and strain or tear the Lateral Collateral Ligament. These bands of fibrous connective tissue stabilise the femur and tibia in the coronal plane
What anatomical feature provides shock absorption in the knee?
protection comes in the form of two discs of fibrocartilage; the medial and lateral menisci, that helps with shock absorption. The articulating surfaces are covered with hyaline cartilage which allows smooth movements
Which ligaments prevent/reduce movement in the sagital plane?
• There are a further two ligaments inside the knee joint that prevent excessive movements in the sagittal plane. The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) attaches the posterior aspect of the lateral condyle of the femur and to the anterior part of the tibial plateau. Because of its position, it prevents excessive forward movements of the tibia in relation to the femur. The posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) arises from the posterior tibial plateau and attaches to the anterior part of the medial condyle of the femur. The PCL prevents excessive movements of the femur anteriorly in relation to the tibia (or the tibia posteriorly in relation to the femur)
Name the three histological types of muscle?
Skeletal, cardiac, smooth
Name the 7 types of muscle structures
Fusiform, parallel, unipennate, bipennate, multipennate, circular, convergent
Define Flexion?
Flex is a verb meaning to bend. For any joint if the joint becomes more bent this is flexion. For example bending the knee or finger or wrist. Flexion of the back is bending forwards.
Define Extension?
For each joint this is the opposite of flexion, the joint is moved to a less bent (more straight) position.
Define Rotation?
Where the angle between two bones does not change but the axis of one of the bones rotates relative to the other. Eg. Turning the head to look sideways is rotation at the atlanto-axial joint, the humerus can be rotated relative to the shoulder.
Define Abduction?
Movement away from the midline; for the arms this is movement away from the body and for the legs movement away from the opposite leg. For fingers it is movement away from the middle finger and for the toes movement away from the second toe