IMMS ANATOMY Flashcards
Coronal plane
Cuts into anterior and posterior
Sagittal plane
Cuts into left and right side
Transverse plane
Cuts into superior and inferior
Axial skeleton parts
Centeral or core parts
skull vertebral columns ribs and sternum
Appendicular skeleton parts
Bones of the limbs incl shoulder blades (scapulae) collar bones (clavicles) and hip bones
What is a joint?
Where two bones meet, the two bones articulate with each other
Three types of joint?
Synovial, fibrous, cartilaginous
Synovial joints
Most common joint, narrow synovial cavity separates articula- surfaces of bones. Cavity contains lubricating synovial fluid, enclosed in a joint capsule - 2 layers, an outer fibrous capsule and an inner synovial membrane. Articulate surfaces covered with articulate hyaline cartilage. Allow great deal of movement ( Knee shoulder and wrist)
Fibrous joints
Connect two bones via strong fibrous tissue. No cavity and no fluid. Usually very little movement (if any). (Joints between individual bones of skull (sutures).
Cartilaginous joints and their substypes
Articular surfaces separated by cartilage instead fibrous of tissue. Primary and secondary cartilaginous
Primary cartilaginous joints
Connected to each other by hyaline cartilages which allows for some flexibility.(stenocostal joints-where ribs meet sternum)
Secondary cartilaginous joints
Joints connected by fibrocartilage a plus a layer of hyaline cartilage covers the particular surfaces of the bones. Flexible but strong t support a lot of weight. ( intervertebral discs between vertebrae of spine)
How many types of synovial joints?
6- ball + socket, hinge, pivot, saddle, condyloid, plane
Ball and socket joint
Ball - shaped end of one bone fig into bowl-shaped socket on the other. Mobile joint and allows significant range of movement in all directions (including rotations). Better fit = more stable but less mobile (hip). Poor fit = less stable and greater risk of dislocation (shoulder)
Hinge joint
Significant range of movement but only in one plane (elbow and knee alloy only flexion and extension)
Pivot joint
Eg. top of spine where 1st and 2nd cervical vertebrae articulate with each other
Somatic motor fibres
CNS to body. Cell body motor neurons lie in ventral horn of the spinal cord. Axons leave the cord via series of rootless which merge to form ventral(motor) root of spinal nerve. Stimulate voluntary contraction of skeletal muscle
Sympathetic fibres
All 31 pairs of spiral nerves contain them. They stimulate sweat glands and the contraction of Smoots muscle in peripheral blood vessels and the hair follicles.
Where does breast tissue extend towards?
Anterior axilla (armpit) This part of the breast is called one axillary tail
Name constituents of the breast
•Fat - variable amounts.
• Glandular / secretory tissue arranged in lobules
• ducts which converge on the nipple. The areola is the region of pigmented skin surrounding the nipple
• connective tissue and ligaments
• blood vessels and lymphatics
Neurovascular supply of the breast
Primarily supplied by branches from the internal thoracic artery (arises from subclavian artery ) and axillary artery
Nerve supply of the breast
Supplied with somatic nerves and sympathetic fibres via intercostal nerves. somatic sensory fibres innervate skin of breast. Sympathetic fibres innovate smooth muscle in the blood vessel walls and nipple.
Lymphatic drainage of the beast
Most drains to lymph nodes in the axilla. (But patterns complex). 5 groups of lymph nodes in axilla. Central, pectoral, numeral , subscapular and apical. They drain breast upper limb, chest wall, scapular region, and the abdominal wall. The apical nodes receive most lymph from breast, often involved in spread of breast cancer.
Layers of intercostal muscles
Three layers. External intercostal most superficial. Internal lies deep to external. Innermost intercostal lies deep to internal intercostal.
