IMMS ANATOMY

Question 1

Coronal plane

Answer 1

Cuts into anterior and posterior

Question 2

Sagittal plane

Answer 2

Cuts into left and right side

Question 3

Transverse plane

Answer 3

Cuts into superior and inferior

Question 4

Axial skeleton parts

Answer 4

Centeral or core parts
skull vertebral columns ribs and sternum

Question 5

Appendicular skeleton parts

Answer 5

Bones of the limbs incl shoulder blades (scapulae) collar bones (clavicles) and hip bones

Question 6

What is a joint?

Answer 6

Where two bones meet, the two bones articulate with each other

Question 7

Three types of joint?

Answer 7

Synovial, fibrous, cartilaginous

Question 8

Synovial joints

Answer 8

Most common joint, narrow synovial cavity separates articula- surfaces of bones. Cavity contains lubricating synovial fluid, enclosed in a joint capsule - 2 layers, an outer fibrous capsule and an inner synovial membrane. Articulate surfaces covered with articulate hyaline cartilage. Allow great deal of movement ( Knee shoulder and wrist)

Question 9

Fibrous joints

Answer 9

Connect two bones via strong fibrous tissue. No cavity and no fluid. Usually very little movement (if any). (Joints between individual bones of skull (sutures).

Question 10

Cartilaginous joints and their substypes

Answer 10

Articular surfaces separated by cartilage instead fibrous of tissue. Primary and secondary cartilaginous

Question 11

Primary cartilaginous joints

Answer 11

Connected to each other by hyaline cartilages which allows for some flexibility.(stenocostal joints-where ribs meet sternum)

Question 12

Secondary cartilaginous joints

Answer 12

Joints connected by fibrocartilage a plus a layer of hyaline cartilage covers the particular surfaces of the bones. Flexible but strong t support a lot of weight. ( intervertebral discs between vertebrae of spine)

Question 13

How many types of synovial joints?

Answer 13

6- ball + socket, hinge, pivot, saddle, condyloid, plane

Question 14

Ball and socket joint

Answer 14

Ball - shaped end of one bone fig into bowl-shaped socket on the other. Mobile joint and allows significant range of movement in all directions (including rotations). Better fit = more stable but less mobile (hip). Poor fit = less stable and greater risk of dislocation (shoulder)

Question 15

Hinge joint

Answer 15

Significant range of movement but only in one plane (elbow and knee alloy only flexion and extension)

Question 16

Pivot joint

Answer 16

Eg. top of spine where 1st and 2nd cervical vertebrae articulate with each other

Question 17

Somatic motor fibres

Answer 17

CNS to body. Cell body motor neurons lie in ventral horn of the spinal cord. Axons leave the cord via series of rootless which merge to form ventral(motor) root of spinal nerve. Stimulate voluntary contraction of skeletal muscle

Question 18

Sympathetic fibres

Answer 18

All 31 pairs of spiral nerves contain them. They stimulate sweat glands and the contraction of Smoots muscle in peripheral blood vessels and the hair follicles.

Question 19

Where does breast tissue extend towards?

Answer 19

Anterior axilla (armpit) This part of the breast is called one axillary tail

Question 20

Name constituents of the breast

Answer 20

•Fat - variable amounts.
• Glandular / secretory tissue arranged in lobules
• ducts which converge on the nipple. The areola is the region of pigmented skin surrounding the nipple
• connective tissue and ligaments
• blood vessels and lymphatics

Question 21

Neurovascular supply of the breast

Answer 21

Primarily supplied by branches from the internal thoracic artery (arises from subclavian artery ) and axillary artery

Question 22

Nerve supply of the breast

Answer 22

Supplied with somatic nerves and sympathetic fibres via intercostal nerves. somatic sensory fibres innervate skin of breast. Sympathetic fibres innovate smooth muscle in the blood vessel walls and nipple.

Question 23

Lymphatic drainage of the beast

Answer 23

Most drains to lymph nodes in the axilla. (But patterns complex). 5 groups of lymph nodes in axilla. Central, pectoral, numeral , subscapular and apical. They drain breast upper limb, chest wall, scapular region, and the abdominal wall. The apical nodes receive most lymph from breast, often involved in spread of breast cancer.

Question 24

Layers of intercostal muscles

Answer 24

Three layers. External intercostal most superficial. Internal lies deep to external. Innermost intercostal lies deep to internal intercostal.

Question 25

Pectoralis major

Answer 25

Most superficial muscle of anterior chest wall. Attaches to upper números, clavicle the and the upper six ribs.

Question 26

Pectoralis minor

Answer 26

Smaller muscle that lies deep to pectoral lis major. Attaches to scapula and ribs 3-5.

Question 27

Serratus anterior

Answer 27

Superficial muscle that sweeps around lateral aspect of thoracic cage. Attaches to scapula and the upper 8 ribs.

Question 28

How does shingles present and why ?

Answer 28

Red painful itchy rash over chest or abdomen on one side of body. Strip-like distribution as it affects dermatomes. After chickenpox infection, virus lays dormant in the dorsal root ganglion. When reactivated, causes raga and pain in dermatone associated with affected spinal nerve.