IMMS Flashcards
What is the function of the golgi apparatus?
Processes and modifies ER products.
What generates the energy needed to phosphorylate ADP -> ATP?
The movement of H+ in and out of the mitochondrial matrix.
What is an example of type 4 collagen?
Basement membranes
How do HbS sub-units cause sickling?
They bind to the cytoskeleton which causes sickling.
What is the affect on HbS in hypoxia?
The HbS sub-units polymerise.
What is Knudson’s two hit hypothesis?
The idea that a sporadic cancer requires 2 acquired mutations whereas an inherited cancer requires only 1 acquired mutation and 1 inherited. Therefore you are more likely to develop an inherited cancer as the chance of one mutation is greater than the chance of 2.
Water distribution: How much water is there in the ICF?
28L
What is an example of type 3 collagen?
Arteries, liver, kidneys, spleen, uterus
How much energy do proteins provide?
4kcal/g
What happens in metaphase?
The chromosomes line up along the midline of the cell. The spindles attach to the centromeres.
What is the normal pH range of the human body?
7.35-7.45
What is mitosis used for?
Growth and repair.
Name 3 hormones involved in water homeostasis.
- Aldosterone.
- ADH - antidiuretic hormone.
- ANP - atrial natriuretic peptide.
List 2 causes of metabolic alkalosis.
Vomiting (loss of H+), increased reabsorption of HCO3-.
What are the 4 phases of the cell cycle?
G1, S, G2 and M
How does insulin increase the breakdown of glucose to pyruvate?
It stimulates PFK-1 indirectly through increasing fructose-2,6-bisphosphate levels and so increases the rate of glycolysis.
Why is sodium doubled in the plasma osmolality equation?
To account for negatively charged ions.
What condition is trisomy 21?
Down’s syndrome
What is the predominant electrolyte(s) in the ECF?
Na+, Cl-, HCO3-
A promoter sequence is coded in …
Single strand DNA.
Name 4 molecules you’d find in a plasma membrane.
- Cholesterol
- Glycoproteins
- Glycolipids
- Integral proteins
How much energy is stored as triglycerides?
15kg
How many genes are there in the human genome?
20,000.
What are the products of glycolysis?
2 ATP, 2 NADH, 2 Pyruvate