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Med Phase 1 > IMMS > Flashcards

IMMS Flashcards

1
Q

What is euchromatin?

A

Loosely packed chromosomes. Hyper accessible chromatin so genes activatable. It is unmethylated DNA.

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2
Q

What is heterochromatin?

A

Tightly packed chromosomes. DNA inaccessible to transcription factors. Silent genes.

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3
Q

Exon shuffling allows…

A

New proteins to be made e.g. in immune system

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4
Q

What does splice site mutation affect?

A

Accurate intron removal affected

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5
Q

What is non-sense mediated decay?

A

Pathway which removes mRNA with premature stop codons

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6
Q

Define ALLELIC HETEROGENEITY

A

Lots of different mutations in one gene e.g. cystic fibrosis

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7
Q

Define Locus Heterogeneity

A

Mutations in different genes give the same clinical condition e.g. hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

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8
Q

What is Dominant-negative mutations?

A

Where the protein from the mutant allele interferes with the protein from the normal allele.
E.g. a dimer where one mutant and one normal allele would result in only 25% normal dimers

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9
Q

What is cytoskeleton

A

Filament proteins supporting structure of cell

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10
Q

What is lipofuscin?

A

Lipid containing residues in post mitotic cells e.g. in heart, liver, nerve cells

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11
Q

What does cholesterol do in the cell membrane?

A

Cholesterol provides some rigidity to the free flowing phospholipid bilayer

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12
Q

Some uses of actin in body

A

1) They maintain the internal structure of cells
2) They are in adherens junctions which joins actin bundles between neighbouring cells
3) Actin - myosin proteins used in muscles for contraction

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13
Q

What are lipid rafts

A

Areas were there are high cholesterol and more saturated fatty acids than usual in cell membranes.

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14
Q

Types of endocytosis

A

1) Phagocytosis
2) Pinocytosis
3) Receptor mediated e.g. depressed areas - coated pits

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15
Q

What % of total body weight is water, and the average volume of water in a 70kg male.

A

60% of Total Body Weight is water

Which is 42L of a 70kg man

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16
Q

What percentage of body weight is Intracellular?

A

40% (28L)

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17
Q

What percentage of total body water is Extracellular fluid?

A

35% of total body water

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18
Q

What is the percentage of total body water is intravascular? Give an average volume of plasma in a 70kg male.

A

7% of total body water

3L in a 70kg man

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19
Q

What is the average volume of interstitial fluid in a 70kg male?

A

11L

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20
Q

2 components making up extracellular fluid

A

1) Blood plasma/Intravascular
2) Interstitial
Transcellular (mucus/CSF…)- maybe

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21
Q

Define Osmolality

A

Measure of the number of the osmoles of solute per kilogram of solvent (Osm/kg)

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22
Q

Define Osmolarity

A

The number of osmoses of solute per litre of solvent/solution (Osm/L)

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23
Q

Define Osmotic Pressure

A

Pressure applied to a solution by a pure solvent, required to prevent inward osmosis through a semipermeable membrane.

24
Q

Define Oncotic Pressure

A

Form of osmotic pressure exerted by proteins that tend to pull fluid into its solution

25
Q

Causes of Oedema

A

Inflammation - leakage, Venous - increased venous end pressure,
Lymphatic blocked,
Hypoalbuminaemic

26
Q

Qualities and examples of a steroid hormone.

A

1) Slow acting
2) Synthesised from cholesterol
3) Lipid Soluble
4) Made and released by cell (no storage)
5) Uses transport proteins to move through blood
6) Diffuses through cell membranes
7) Intracellular response
Examples - Testosterone, oestrogen, cortisol

27
Q

Name the 4 pathways how dietary components are metabolised

A

1) Storage - anabolic
2) Biosynthetic -anabolic
3) Oxidative - catabolic
4) Waste Disposal - catabolic

28
Q

Energy values from 4 fuel types

A

Carbohydrates - 4 kcal/g
Protein - 4 kcal/g
Alcohol - 7 kcal/g
Lipid - 9 kcal/g

29
Q

In fed state what does pancreas do.

A

Pancreas releases insulin which causes glucose and phosphate uptake. Increased glycogenesis, decreases glycogenolysis, less lipolysis, less proteolysis.

30
Q

Vitamin C uses

A

Collagen synthesis - helps wounds heal, antioxidant, improves iron absorption, keeps immune system healthy

31
Q

Vitamin B12 uses

A

Used to regenerate folate and in DNA, protein and fatty acid synthesis. B12 deficiency can cause a type of anaemia

32
Q

Functions of glycolysis

A

Provides ATP
Generates precursors for biosynthesis. Intermediates converted to ribose-5-phosphate (nucleotides), serine, glycine, cysteine (amino acids).
Pyruvate to alanine.
Pyruvate substrate for fatty acid synthesis
Glycerol-3-phosphate is backbone of triglycerides

33
Q

What does fructose-1,6- bisphosphate activate in the liver and RBCs

A

Pyruvate kinase activated

34
Q

Name the enzyme producing citrate from oxaloacetate and acetyl-CoA in TCA cycle

A

citrate synthase

35
Q

Enzyme producing isocitrate from citrate in citric acid cycle

A

aconitase

36
Q

What is the molecule produced after isocitrate in Kreb’s cycle and the enzyme facilitating the reaction.

A

Isocitrate to alpha- ketogluarate. Enzyme - isocitrate dehydrogenase.

37
Q

What reaction (substrate and all products) does alpha-ketogluarate dehydrogenase facilitate. TCA cycles

A

Substrates: alpha- ketogluarate + CoA
Products: Succinyl-CoA, NADH + H+ , Carbon dioxide

38
Q

How many carbons does an acetyl CoA, citrate, isocitrate, alpha - ketogluarate, succinate and malate have. Citrate cycle

A 
Acetyl-CoA - 2
Citrate - 6
Isocitrate -6
alpha-ketogluarate - 5
Succinate - 4
Malate -4
39
Q

Enzyme between succinyl-CoA and succinate. What extra substrate/products are there. TCA cycle

A

Enzyme - Succinyl CoA thiokinase
Substrate- Succinyl-CoA + Pi
Products- Succinate + GTP + CoA

40
Q

Name enzyme after succinate in TCA cycle and products

A

Enzyme- Succinate dehydrogenase

Products - Fumarate + FADH2

41
Q

The enzyme between
1) fumarate and malate
2) malate and oxaloacetate
in Krebs’ cycle

A

1) fumerase between fumerate and malate

2) Malate dehydrogenase between malate and oxaloacetate (uses water and produces an NADH)

42
Q

Which coenzyme results in more ATP being formed during oxidative phosphorylation

A

NADH more than FADH2

43
Q

Where does glycolysis take place?

A

Cytosol

44
Q

Where does link and TCA cycle take place

A

Mitochondrial matrix

45
Q

Where does oxidative phosphorylation take place

A

Inner mitochondrial matrix

46
Q

What is gluconeogenesis

A

It is the generation of glucose using non-carbohydrate sources.

47
Q

Two causes of ketoacidosis

A

Diabetic and alcoholic (poor diet).

Ketoacidosis occurs when the body is unable to utilise glucose for energy.

48
Q

Where does ketogenesis occur

A

Ketogenesis occurs in hepatocytes, but ketone bodies are used extrahepatically

49
Q

Buffer definition

A

Solution which resists changes in pH when small quantities of strong acid or base is added.

50
Q

Name 4 cellular defences against oxygen toxicity

A

Antioxidant enzymes, cellular compartmentation, antioxidant vitamins, repair

51
Q

What do antioxidant enzymes do?

A

Superoxide dismutase - converts superoxide anion to hydrogen peroxide and oxygen
Catalase - hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen, protects WBC from their own respiratory burst
Glutathione peroxidase - Hydrogen peroxide and lipid peroxide reduction.

52
Q

3 examples of antioxidant vitamins

A

Vitamin E, Vitamin C, Carotenoids.
(Vitamin C: hydrophilic, regenerates reduced vitamin E)
(Carotenoids precursor of vitamin A)
(Vit E found in liver, egg yolks and cereals)

53
Q

What is a morula?

A

A 16 cell solid ball of cells, with no cavity within it. When a cavity forms it becomes a blastocyst

54
Q

What is cleavage

A

It is when the early zygote splits into many cells without growing.

55
Q

What shape are epiblast and hypoblasts cells

A

Epiblast - Columnar

Hypoblast - Cuboidal

Med Phase 1 (3 decks)

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