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MBChB Anatomy > IMMS > Flashcards

IMMS Flashcards

1
Q

Which direction do coronal planes run?

A

Horizontally

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2
Q

Describe the anatomical position

A

Standing erect with feet flat on the floor.
Straight back with head and eyes facing forwards.
Arms by the sides with forearms and palms facing forwards

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3
Q

Define ‘proximal’

A

Closer to the starting point

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4
Q

Define ‘distal’

A

Further from the starting point

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5
Q

Define ‘supine’

A

Variation of the anatomical position where the person is lying flat on their back

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6
Q

Define ‘prone’

A

Lying face down.

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7
Q

What is a joint?

A

A connection between two or more bones, regardless of whether movement can occur between them.

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8
Q

How can joints be classified?

A

As fibrous, cartilaginous or synovial, dependent on their histology.

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9
Q

Name 6 different types of synovial joints.

A

Plane, hinge, saddle, condyloid, ball and socket, pivot

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10
Q

Define a synovial joint

A

United by a joint capsule (composed of an outer fibrous layer and an inner serous synovial membrane) enclosing a joint cavity (potential space containing synovial fluid)
Allow free movement between the bones they join.

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11
Q

Define ‘fibrous joints’

A

United by fibrous tissue. No cavity. The amount of movement depends on the length of the fibres.

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12
Q

Define ‘cartilaginous joints’

A

United by cartilage. 2 types:
Primary cartilaginous: bones united solely by hyaline cartilage which provides some flexibility
Secondary cartilaginous: bones covered with a layer of hyaline cartilage and then united by fibrocartilage which provides strength

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13
Q

What is the purpose of synovial fluid?

A

Lubrication for the joint

Also supplies oxygen and nutrients to the joint

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14
Q

Define ‘saddle joint’

A

Type of synovial joint
Articulate surfaces are concave and convex
Two axes of movement. Permits flexion, extension, abduction, adduction and circumduction

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15
Q

Define ‘condyloid joints’

A

Type of synovial joint.
Similar to saddle joint with movement in 2 aces but one if usually restricted.
Permits flexion, extension, abduction, adduction and circumduction.

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16
Q

Hinge joints are limited to permitting only 2 movements. What are they?

A

Flexion and extension.

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17
Q

What type of joint is the knee?

A

Synovial hinge with articulations between the lateral and medial condyles of the distal femur, the lateral and medial condyles of the tibia and the patella.

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18
Q

What are the medial and lateral menisci of the knee, and what do they do?

A

Layer of fibrocartilage and on the tibial plateau that help with shock absorption

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19
Q

What do the lateral and medial collateral ligaments do?

A

Stabilise the femur and tibia in the coronal plane, so that when a lateral force is applied, the knee joint does not open out excessively.

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20
Q

What is the anterior cruciate ligament and what does it do?

A

Ligament that attaches the posterior aspect of the lateral condyle of the femur to the anterior part of the tibial plateau.
Prevents excessive forward movement of the tibia in relation to the femur.

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21
Q

What is the posterior cruciate ligament and what does it do?

A

Ligaments which connects the posterior tibial plateau to the anterior part of the medial condyle of the femur.
Prevents excessive movements of the femur anteriorly in relation to the tibia.

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22
Q

How many types of muscle are there?

A

3: skeletal (voluntary), smooth (involuntary) and cardiac

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23
Q

What is the origin and insertion of a muscle?

A

Connections of the muscle to bone. The muscle attachment which moves the least is the origin, the one that moves the most is the insertion.

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24
Q

Name 7 different muscle shapes.

A

Fusiform, parallel, convergent, unipennate, bipennate, multipennate and circular.

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25
Q

Which type of muscle is stronger?

A

Pennate muscles - more muscle fibres for a given volume than parallel fibre arrangements but they have a smaller range of movement.

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26
Q

What is the action of a muscle?

A

Contracts to bring the origin and the insertion closer together.

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27
Q

What is muscle synergy?

A

Muscles acting together to produce an action.

28
Q

Define ‘abduction’

A

To move away from sagittal plane

29
Q

Define ‘adduction’

A

To move closer to sagittal plane

30
Q

Define ‘flexion’

A

To bend. (Opposite of extension)

31
Q

Define ‘extension’

A

To stretch out. (Opposite of flexion)

32
Q

What is lateral flexion?

A

Where the upper body bends over to the sides. A movement of the trunk that takes place at the intervertebral disks.

33
Q

Define ‘opposition’

A

A special movement of the thumb where the thumb is rotated to allow the palm of the thumb to meet that of the little finger.

34
Q

Define ‘inversion’

A

The sole of the foot faces inwards towards the other foot

35
Q

Define ‘eversion’

A

Movement of the foot where the sole is made to face outwards.

36
Q

Describe the similarities of the upper and lower limbs

A

1 large bone proximally
2 parallel bones distally
Reduction in bone size as you go distally with an increase in bone number

37
Q

What are the differences between the upper and lower limbs?

A

Legs are built for strength and stability : hip joint is stabler (deep and surrounded by a ‘screw-like arrangement of ligaments) than shoulder joint (shallow and freer)
Arms are designed more for flexibility and dexterity

38
Q

What is the spine made up of?

A

7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar and 5 sacral vertebrae.

Distal to these at 4 further vertebrae which are fused to form the coccyx.

39
Q

What is C1 (spinal vertebra) specialised for and how?

A

Supporting the weight of the skull : has large articular surfaces to transmit the force down to the vertebral column below.
Has no body - this has fused with C2 to make the odontoid peg which can rotate considerably accounting for almost all the rotation of the head.

40
Q

What is different about thoracic vertebrae from cervical vertebrae?

A

Thoracic have longer spinous processes and the transverse processes do not have holes through them.
There are synovial joints for the heads and tubercle of the ribs on the body and transverse processes of the vertebrae.

41
Q

Which type of vertebra supports most of the body weight?

A

Lumbar so they are bigger.

42
Q

Using which joints do the vertebrae articulate with each other?

A

Synovial and secondary cartilaginous

43
Q

What is surface anatomy?

A

Study of external features of the body.

44
Q

What is the Adam’s apple?

A

Laryngeal prominence - where the two halves of thyroid cartilage meet in the middle.

45
Q

Which ligament lies between the thyroid and cricoid cartilage, and why is this clinically important?

A

Cricothyroid ligament. Can cut through this ligament to create an emergency airway in an upper airway obstruction.

46
Q

How do you palpate the 2nd rib?

A

Feel from the suprasternal notch downwards to a slight prominence - the sternal angle. This is where the 2nd rib attaches to the sternum.

47
Q

What is the significance of the sternal angle?

A

Allows identification of 2nd rib (for counting ribs)

Surface marking for bifurcation of the trachea and the arch of the aorta.

48
Q

Where is the apex of the heart?

A

On LHS, where the midclavicular line crosses the 5th intercostal space.

49
Q

Where is the aortic valve best heard?

A

2nd intercostal space at right sternal margin

50
Q

Where is the pulmonary valve best heard?

A

2nd intercostal space at left sternal margin

51
Q

Where is the mitral valve best heard?

A

Over heart apex (RHS mid-clavicular line & 5th intercostal space)

52
Q

Where is the tricuspid valve best heard?

A

5th intercostal space at right sternal margin

53
Q

How many lobes does the left lung have?

A

2 : superior and inferior

54
Q

How many lobes does the right lung have?

A

3 : superior, middle and inferior

55
Q

Which lobe is not present in the left lung?

A

Middle

56
Q

Thinking surface anatomy, where is the horizontal fissure of the right lung?
What does it separate?

A

4th costal cartilage

Superior lobe from middle lobe.

57
Q

Thinking surface anatomy, where is the oblique fissure found for both lungs?
What does it separate?

A

Follows the contours of the 6th rib and its costal cartilage
Left lung : superior and inferior lobes
Right lung : middle and inferior lobes

58
Q

Where is the apex of the lungs?

A

~1 inch above the clavical

59
Q

Which areas of the airways in cartilage present?

A

Larger structures - trachea and bronchi

60
Q

What are smaller airway structures made of?

A

Smooth muscle to allow bronchoconstriction and bronchodilation to occur

61
Q

Why is bronchoconstriction important?

A

To reduce air in lungs and reduce effort needed to breathe eg. When sleeping

62
Q

What is the purpose of the trachea and bronchi?

A

To transmit air from the larynx to the alveoli so that gas exchange can take place.

63
Q

How is air filtered?

A

Fine solid particles are trapped in mucous lining of the nasal passage and bronchial tree and are then gradually transported back to the oral cavity by cilia for expulsion or ingestion.

64
Q

What is the blood supply of the lungs?

A

Arterial : bronchial artery (oxygenated) from thoracic aorta and pulmonary arteries (deoxygenated) from right ventricle
Venous : bronchial veins (deoxygenated) drain into azygous vein and pulmonary veins (oxygenated) drain into left atrium

65
Q

Which direction does the sagittal plane run?

A

Vertically (and medically)

66
Q

What is the parietal pleura?

A

The membrane that covers the inner surface of the chest wall.

67
Q

What is the visceral pleura?

A

The membrane that covers the lungs themselves.

MBChB Anatomy (1 decks)

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