IMMS 3

Question 1

main parts of the nervous system

Answer 1

brain, spinal cord, neurons (nerve cells) and supporting cells

Question 2

what protects the brain and spinal cord

Answer 2

skull, vertebral column

Question 3

neurons structure

Answer 3

cell body, projections called axons and dendrites that allow them to communicate with other neurons

Question 4

Our nervous system operates on both a c, v level and on an u, i level.

Answer 4

conscious voluntary, unconscious involuntary

Question 5

Cranial

Answer 5

Towards the head

Question 6

How does the central nervous system first develop

Answer 6

As a tube within the embryo, the ‘brain end’ of the tube grows much larger than the part that becomes the spinal cord+2 flexures develop in the tube so brain and cord aren’t orientated along same axis

Question 7

brain and cord are not orientated along the same axis therefore

Answer 7

When we talk about the brain, rostral is anterior and caudal is posterior. When we talk about the spinal cord, the more superior part is rostral, and the more inferior part is caudal.

Question 8

Nervous system 2 parts (anatomically)?

Answer 8

central nervous system=brain+spinal cord, peripheral nervous system=all nervous tissue outside CNS primarly nerves:
cranial nerves (arise from the brain)
● spinal nerves (arise from the spinal cord)
● autonomic nerves

Question 9

nervous system 2 parts(functionally)

Answer 9

Somatic nervous system = controls voluntary activities; under conscious control.
● Autonomic nervous system (ANS) = controls involuntary activities; not under conscious control

Question 10

brain 3 parts

Answer 10

● the cerebrum
● the cerebellum
● the brainstem

Question 11

Cerebrum

Answer 11

-largest part of the brain.
-composed of masses of neurons and other cells that support them
- left and right cerebral hemispheres, which are connected to each other.

Question 12

surface of cerebrum

Answer 12

-cerebral cortex, contains neuron cell bodies -> grey appearance -> grey matter, Info is processed in the grey matter, folded, folds are called gyri (singular: gyrus), and the grooves between the folds are called sulci (singular: sulcus).

Question 13

Deep to the cerebral cortex, within the cerebral hemispheres:

Answer 13

-masses of axons, pale appearance in comparison to cortex, collectively comprise white matter, Info transmitted through bundles of fibres in the white matter -collections of cell bodies called nuclei, look grey in comparison to the surrounding white matter

Question 14

Each cerebral hemisphere is divided anatomically into four lobes, named after the bones of the skull that overlie them.

Answer 14

frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal lobes.

Question 15

Cerebellum

Answer 15

‘little brain’, inferior to the posterior part of the cerebrum, is composed of left and right hemispheres that are connected to each other, has a highly folded cortex, contains white matter and nuclei deep to the cortex

Question 16

cerebellum functions

Answer 16

balance, coordination, and movement but operates beyond our conscious control

Question 17

Brainstem 3 parts

Answer 17

midbrain, pons, and medulla

Question 18

brainstem functions

Answer 18

relays info between the cerebrum, spinal cord and cerebellum, gives rise to most of the cranial nerves
, contains ‘centres’ that regulate breathing and consciousness.

Question 19

brainstem functions

Answer 19

relays info between the cerebrum, spinal cord and cerebellum, gives rise to most of the cranial nerves
, contains ‘centres’ that regulate breathing and consciousness.

Question 20

spinal cord

Answer 20

continuous with the medulla of the brainstem and is protected by the vertebral column but shorter than it

Question 21

what constitutes the grey matter in the spinal cord that is roughly shaped like an ‘H’

Answer 21

neuronal cell bodies that lie within the cord

Question 22

What is the grey matter in a spinal cord surrounded by

Answer 22

white matter which contains tracts (bundles of axons that connect different parts of the CNS to each other)

Question 23

how many spinal nerves are attached to the spinal cord

Answer 23

31 pairs

Question 24

Each pair of nerves corresponds to

Answer 24

a spinal cord segment

Question 25

what do spinal nerves do

Answer 25

carry information between the cord
(CNS) and periphery (e.g. skin, muscles

Question 26

what are the cavaties inside the brain called

Answer 26

ventricles which are continuous with each other

Question 27

what are the cranial cavaties(ventricles) filled with

Answer 27

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Question 28

what is CSF produced by

Answer 28

specialised cells within the ventricles

Question 29

how does CSF move

Answer 29

leaves the ventricles through small openings and surrounds the brain and spinal cord

Question 30

function of CSF

Answer 30

-provides nutrients to the brain
● protects the brain by providing a cushion against trauma
● prevents delicate nerves and vessels from being compressed between the brain
and the internal surface of the skull

Question 31

The Meninges

Answer 31

Three membranes lie between the brain and spinal cord and the bones that protect them. Collectively, these membranes are the meninges.

Question 32

The three meningeal layers

Answer 32

dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater

Question 33

dura mater

Answer 33

lines the inner surface of the skull and vertebral column. It is thick and strong

Question 34

arachnoid mater

Answer 34

lies deep to the dura. It is thin and loosely encloses the
brain and spinal cord

Question 35

pia mater

Answer 35

lies deep to the arachnoid. It is adhered to the surface of the brain and spinal cord. It is very thin

Question 36

main 2 functions of meninges

Answer 36

protect brain
+ spinal cord & provide scaffold for blood vessels

Question 37

Two pairs of arteries supply the brain:

Answer 37

left and right internal carotid arteries and the left and right vertebral arteries. Both pairs of arteries ascend through the neck to the brain.

Question 38

On the inferior surface of the cerebrum the internal caratoid arteries and the verterbral arteries give rise to branches that form an interconnected ring called the

Answer 38

Circle of Willis

Question 39

Circle of Willis is an example of an anastomosis - where

Answer 39

branches from otherwise separate arteries
unite with each other. Such an arrangement theoretically allows for the blood supply
to an area to be maintained if one of the vessels supplying it becomes blocked.

Question 40

The Circle of Willis gives rise to

Answer 40

three cerebral arteries on each side (which supply
the cerebral hemispheres), cerebellar arteries (which supply the cerebellum), and
arteries that supply the brainstem and spinal cord.

Question 41

why is the functional deficits seen when an artery is blocked is dependent on which artery is
involved

Answer 41

because Each artery supplies a particular region, or territory, of the brain, cerebellum, or
brainstem since each region serves different functions

Question 42

veins

Answer 42

drain blood from the brain

Question 43

veins in CNS

Answer 43

deep veins within the brain and
superficial veins on the surface of the brain. There are also large veins enclosed within the dura mater called dural venous sinuses.

Question 44

Functionally, the nervous system is subdivided into

Answer 44

the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system (ANS)

Question 45

motor component of somatic nervous system

Answer 45

controls the voluntary contraction of skeletal muscle.
For example, it controls the movement of our limbs, trunk, and face.

Question 46

sensory component of somatic nervous system

Answer 46

sends information about peripheral stimuli from the
sensory receptors in the body to the CNS, which reaches our conscious perception (e.g. touch, pain, temperature)

Question 47

The autonomic nervous system (ANS) controls involuntary activities such as

Answer 47

heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, digestion, and sexual arousal

Question 48

motor component of autonomic

Answer 48

controls smooth muscle, glands, and
cardiac muscle. It is subdivided into two parts

Question 49

2 parts of motor component of ANS

Answer 49

The sympathetic nervous system = ‘flight and fight’
The parasympathetic nervous system = ‘rest and digest’

Question 50

sensory component of the ANS

Answer 50

conveys sensory information about the internal environment from the viscera (organs) to the CNS, but it does not reach our conscious perception. An example is blood pressure monitoring.

Question 51

sympathetic system prepares the body for

Answer 51

four F’s: ‘fight, fright, flight, and freeze’ - Heart rate increases and the bronchi dilate. Peripheral blood vessels constrict and divert blood away from the skin and gut to the skeletal muscles in preparation for activity. The pupils dilate, hair stands on end and sweat glands are stimulated.

Question 52

parasympathetic prep for

Answer 52

rest and digest’:Heart rate decreases and the bronchi constrict. Glands are stimulated (e.g. salivary glands, digestive secretions) and gut activity (peristalsis) is stimulated. The pupils constrict.