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phase 1 > IMMS > Flashcards

IMMS Flashcards

1
Q

What is a nucleosome?

A

DNA wrapped around 8 histone proteins

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2
Q

What is chromatin?

A

Repeating units of nucleosomes

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3
Q

Describe the nucleus

A
  • Largest membrane bound organelle (Double membrane
  • Stores and transfers genetic information
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4
Q

Describe the nucleolus

A
  • Site of transcription
  • Forms rRNA
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5
Q

Describe the mitochondria

A
  • The site of krebs cycle (matrix)
  • The site of oxidative phosphorylation (Intermembrane space)
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6
Q

Describe the golgi and its different parts

A

Modifies and processes rER products

  • Cis-golgi: faces the nucleus, accepts vesicles from rER
  • Medial golgi: modifies proteins
  • Trans-golgi: faces away from the nucleus, forms secretory vesicles
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7
Q

Describe the rough endoplasmic reticulum

A
  • Rough due to ribosomes
  • Site of protein synthesis
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8
Q

Describe the smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

The site of lipid synthesis

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9
Q

Describe ribosomes

A
  • They have 2 subunits
  • They read mRNA and create a polypeptide chain
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10
Q

Describe the cytoplasm

A

The site of glycolysis

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11
Q

Describe vesicles

A

Small membrane bound organelles which transport material and exchange cell membrane between compartments

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12
Q

Describe the cell membrane structure

A

Phospholipid bilayer
- 2 Layers of phospholipids
- Hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail
- Contains proteins
- Contains cholesterol

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13
Q

What are the functions of the cell membrane?

A
  • Acts as a physical barrier
  • Selective permeability
  • Endo/ exocytosis
  • Cell signalling
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14
Q

What are the functions of cytoskeleton filaments?

A
  • Support cell shape
  • Form cell junctions
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15
Q

What are the 3 different types of cytoskeleton filaments?

A
  • Microtubules
  • Intermediate filaments
  • Microfilaments
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16
Q

What is the diameter of microtubules?

A

25nm

17
Q

What is the diameter of Intermediate filaments?

A

10nm

18
Q

What is the diameter of microfilaments?

A

5nm

19
Q

Where are microtubules found?

A

They arise from the centromere and are found in all cells except RBCs

20
Q

Where are intermediate filaments found?

A

They are transmembrane proteins that can spread through tissues

21
Q

Where are microfilaments found?

A

They form a mesh on the inner surface of the cell membrane

22
Q

What are the different types of cell junctions?

A
  • Tight junctions
  • Adherens
  • Desmosomes
  • Gap junctions
  • Hemi-desmosomes
23
Q

Describe tight junctions

A
  • They are found in epithelial tissues
  • They form a continuous barrier between adjacent cells, preventing the passage of molecules between them
  • They play a role in maintaining cell polarity and preventing leakage across cell layers
24
Q

Describe adherens junctions

A
  • Found in epithelial tissues and other tissues
  • Involve the interaction of actin filaments between adjacent cells
25
Q

Describe desmosomes

A
  • Common in tissues subjected to mechanical stress, such as skin and cardiac muscle
  • Involve the interaction of cadherins and other proteins, connecting intermediate filaments of adjacent cells
  • Provide strong adhesion, preventing cells from being pulled apart
26
Q

Describe gap junctions

A
  • Found in many cell types, especially in tissues that require coordinated activity, like cardiac and smooth muscle
  • Consist of connexin proteins forming channels between adjacent cells, allowing direct communication and exchange of ions and small molecules
  • Facilitate synchronised activities, such as muscle contraction
27
Q

Describe hemidesmosomes

A
  • Found in epithelial tissues.
  • Anchor cells to the extracellular matrix by connecting integrins to
    intermediate filaments inside the cell.
  • Provide stability and support to the epithelial layer.
28
Q

What are the different types of membrane proteins and what do they transport?

A
  • Uniport- 1 substance
  • Symport- 2 or more substances in the same direction
  • Antiport- 2 or more substances in opposite directions

phase 1 (8 decks)

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