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Phase 1 > IMMS > Flashcards

IMMS Flashcards

1
Q

What are the organelles in a cell?

A

nucleus
mitochondria
SER
RER
golgi
lysosome
peroxisomes
cytoskeleton

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2
Q

What is present in the nucleus of a cell

A

DNA (chromatin)
Nucleolus - RNA synthesis

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3
Q

Two types of chromatin are?

A

Euchromatin - loose coils, expressed
Heterochromatin - tight coils, repressed

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4
Q

Function of mitochondria

A

ATP synthesis

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5
Q

Function of SER

A

membrane lipid synthesis
protein storage
phase 1 detoxification

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6
Q

Function of RER

A

High in ribosomes –> protein synthesis

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7
Q

Function of golgi

A

Storage, package and transport of proteins

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8
Q

What is golgi subdivided into and their functions

A

Cis - receives protein/lipid vesicles
Medial - adds sugar to them
Trans - packages modified molecules into vesicles

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9
Q

Function of lysosomes

A

degrate proteins
cell autolysis

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10
Q

What is the pH of a lysosome and how is it maintained?

A

pH - 5
maintained by the H+/K+ ATPases

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11
Q

Function of peroxisomes

A

Fatty acids beta oxidation
Produces and destroys H2O2
Removes H from lipid/alcohol/toxic substances

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12
Q

What are the parts of the cytoskeleton and their functions

A

Microtubules - tubulin major protein and arranged as a/B
structure
Function - mitosis, component of cilia aswell

Intermediate filaments - no motor protein
Function - maintaining cell integrity, cell to cell contact

Microfilaments - myosin motor protein
Function - cell shape and motility

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13
Q

What are the storage products in cells?

A

Lipofuscin - ‘wear and tear’ pigment (oxidative lipid degradation product)
Present in old cells
Orangey brown

Lipids - stored in adipocytes (fat cells) and liver
White strings

Glycogen - glucose reserve in skeletal muscle and liver

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14
Q

What are functions of the cell membrane?

A
  • semi permeable
  • maintains structural integrity
  • separates ultra/extracellular (a boundary)
  • reception for self/foreign ID
  • WBS adjacent cells
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15
Q

What are the two types of membrane proteins?

A

Receptors - outside binding triggers intracellular response
- can be enzyme linked or ion channels (less common)

Channels:
- ligand gated (depends on ligand binding to open)
- voltage gates
- mechanical gated (open whens stretched)

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16
Q

What are the four types of cell to cell junctions?

A
  • tight junction
  • adherens
  • desmosomes
  • gap junction
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17
Q

Describe tight junctions

A
  • no passage
  • cells sealed like a sheet
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18
Q

Describe adherens junctions

A
  • adjacent actin bundles of cell formed
  • fixal adhesion - actin to extracellular matrix
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19
Q

Describe desmosomes

A
  • adjacent intermediate filaments joined
  • hemidesmosomes: intermediate filament to extracellular matrix
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20
Q

Describe gap junctions

A

allows adjacent cell passage of ions
key in myocardium contraction (contracts as a synctium)
synctium is a cytoplasmic mass containing several nuclei formed by fusion of cells

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21
Q

6 types of movement across a membrane

A

diffusion
osmosis
facilitated diffusion
active transport
exocytosis
endocytosis

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22
Q

what are the two types of active transport?

A
  1. direct - Na+ - K+ ATPase pumps
  2. indirect - cotransport
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23
Q

What is exocytosis?

A

vesicles dont enter the cell because they are too big or hydrophilic

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24
Q

What is endocytosis?

A

intake of molecules in phagosome vacuole

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25
Q

Three examples of endocytosis

A
  1. Phagocytosis - engulfing of whole cells/pathogens/macromolecules by macrophages
  2. Pinocytosis - engilfing dissolved solutes
  3. Receptor mediated - engulfing ligand-receptor complex
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26
Q

Definition of homeostasis is?

A

maintenance of constant internal condition at a normal range

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27
Q

What are the three modes of communication?

A

Autocrine - secreed hormone acts on itself
Paracrine - secreted hormone acts on a neightbouring cell (hormone not in contact with blood)
Exocrine - secreted hoormone acts on a distant cell (hormone in contact with blood)

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28
Q

What are the two types of feedback and what they mean

A

Negative feedback - regulated loop
Positive feedback - amplifies

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29
Q

What are the two types of hormones?

A

Peptide

Steroid

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30
Q

What are peptide hormones made out of?

A

amino acids

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31
Q

Are peptide hormone water or lipid soluble?

A

water (directly in contact with blood)

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32
Q

Are peptide hormones fast or slow acting

A

fast

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33
Q

What are steroid hormones made out of?

A

Cholesterol

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34
Q

Are steroid hormones water or lipid soluble?

A

Lipid

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35
Q

Do lipid steroid bind to or diffuse through the cell membrane

A

diffuse

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36
Q

Do peptide hormones bind to or diffuse through the cell membrane?

A

Bud off

37
Q

Are peptide hormones fast ot slow acting?

A

slow

38
Q

Are peptide hormones premade and stored?

A

Yes

39
Q

Are steroid hormones premade and stored?

A

No

40
Q

How many L is the total water in a 70kg male body?

A

42L

41
Q

How is water distributed?

A

ICF - 28L
ECF - 14L

42
Q

What is ECF subdivided into?

A

Interstitial - 11L (outside blood vessels)
Plasma - 3L (inside blood vessels)

43
Q

Main ion in the ICF?

A

K+

44
Q

Main ion in the ECF?

A

Na+

45
Q

What is sensible loss of water?

A

Loss of water that can be measured

46
Q

What is insensible loss of water?

A

Loss that can’t be measured

47
Q

What is loss of water regulated by?

A

Kidney

48
Q

What is RAAS?

A

Renin-Angiotensinogen-Angiotensin system

49
Q

When is the RAAS activated?

A

When BP is low (detected by juxtaglomerular cells (JG cells) in walls of afferent arterioles)

When NaCl is low (detected by macula densa in distal nephron).

Macula dense triggers JG cells and renin released

50
Q

Briefly describe the RAAS

A

ADD ANSWER

51
Q

What is the effect of ADH

A

Acts on the aquaporins of the collection duct
This leads to an increase in water reabsorption
More water = increase ECF = increased BP

52
Q

Where is ADH released from?

A

posterior pituitary

53
Q

What is the effect of aldosterone?

A

Increases the Na+ reabsorption in the ascending loop of Henle
Water follows Na+ as the water potential of the medulla decreases
More water = ECF increase = Increase in BP

54
Q

Where is aldosterone released from?

A

suprarenal cortex

55
Q

What is the effect of ANP?

A

Decreases BP by being an antagonist to aldosterone
It also makes the afferent arteriole to dilate

56
Q

What can excess water cause?

A

Oedema

57
Q

Define osmolarity

A

solute concentration/L of solution

58
Q

Define osmotic pressure

A

Pressure needed to be exerted by a pure solution so that inward osmosis is prevented

59
Q

Define oncotic pressure

A

Pressure exerted by a protein (albumin) on capillary wall keeping fluid in

60
Q

Define hydrostatic pressure

A

Pressure that a fluid in a confined space exerts

61
Q

What is hyper/hyponatremia?

A

Hyper - high conc of sodium ions in the body
Hypo - small conc of sodium ions in the body

62
Q

Causes of hyper/hyponatremia?

A

Hyper:
- dehydration
- increased aldosterone
- failing kidneys

Hypo:
- excess water
- decreased aldosterone

63
Q

Symptoms of hyper/hyponatremia?

A

Hyper:
- oedema
- increased BP

Hypo:
- decreased BP
- overhydrated intracellularly

64
Q

What is hypo/hyperkalemia?

A

Hypokalemia happens when the conc of K+ ions is small
Hyperkalemia happens when the conc of K+ ions is too high

65
Q

Causes of hyper/hypkalemia?

A

hyper caused by kidney failure, decreases aldosterone, alkalosis

hypo is caused by diarrhoea, acidosis, increased aldosterone

66
Q

Symptoms of hypo/hyperkalemia?

A

hypo - weakness and heart problems
hyper - nerve and muscle issues

67
Q

What is hyper/hypocalcemia?

A

hyper means too much calcium ions in the body
hypo means too less calcium ions in the body

68
Q

Causes of hyper/hypocalcemia

A

Hyper caused by increased parathyroid hormone, skeletal metastasis

Hypo caused by decreased parathyroid hormone, deficiency of vitamin D, GI malabsorption

69
Q

Symptoms of hyper/hypocalcemia

A

Hyper causes bone and muscle weakness, calcification

Hypo causes muscle spasms

70
Q

What 5 macromolecules are present in the body

A

Sugars/carbohydrates

Lipids

Nucleotides

Amino acids

Proreins

71
Q

Describe carbohydrates

A

mono/di/polysaccharides

glycosidic bond

main = glucose - respiration

72
Q

Describe lipids

A

Triglycerides and phospholipids (cell membrane)

main energy source by fat beta oxidation

used for lubrication, make something waterproof, protection

73
Q

Describe nucleotides

A

phosphate + pentose + base

A with T/U, C with G

A and T/U 2 H bonds

C and G 3 bonds

74
Q

Describe amino acids

A

20 normally occur, 8 EAAS

monomers of peptides

peptide bonds between them

proprieties affected by the variable R group

75
Q

Describe proteins

A

primary - amino acid sequence

secondary - H bonds formed, alpha helix or beta sheet

tertiary - ionic and disuphide bridges lead to 3D folding

quaternery - more than one peptide chain

76
Q

Describe enzymes

A

functional globular tertiary protein

77
Q

What is haemoglobin made out of?

A

2 alpha

2 beta

78
Q

What is foetal haemoglobin made out of?

A

2 alpha

2 y

leads to increase affinity for oxygen

79
Q

What is sickle haemoglobin made out of?

A

2 alpha, 2 mutated beta

80
Q

Is sickle cell autosomal recessive or dominant?

A

autosomal recessive

81
Q

What leads to sickle cell anaemia?

A

GAG to GTG substitution

leads to mutated beta chains

makes RBC have a smaller SA (sickled)

82
Q

Where is sickle cell anaemia more common and why?

A

Africa

because it provides protection against malaria

83
Q

DNA replication steps

A
  1. topoisomerase unwinds supercoils
  2. Helicase breaks H bonds and makes DNA single strands
  3. free nucleotides bind to complementary bases on the exposed DNA strand
  4. DNA polymerase reads 3 to 5 and synthesises 5 to 3 (antiparallel configuration) and forms phosphodiester bonds between free nucleotides
  5. DNA ligase joins the fragments of DNA together
84
Q

Describe transcription

A
  1. Initiation
    -Topoisomerase unwinds supercoils
    -DNA helicase breask the H bonds between the DNA strands
  2. Production:
    -free mRNA nucleotides are initiated by a TATA promoter region + AUG = start codon
    -RNA polymerase goes 5’ to 3’ until a stop codon is reached
    -pre mRNA strand generated
  3. Splicing
    -introns removed from the pre mRNA strand
85
Q

Where does transcription take place?

A

Nucleus

86
Q

Where does translation take place?

A

Cytoplasm

At a ribosome

87
Q

Describe translation

A
  1. AUG codon detected by a ribosome
  2. mRNA strand binds to the ribosome
  3. Ribosome reads codons from left to right, hena tRNA with a complementary anti codon binds to it
  4. t
87
Q

Describe translation

A
  1. AUG codon detected by a ribosome
  2. mRNA strand binds to the ribosome
  3. Ribosome reads codons from left to right, hena tRNA with a complementary anti codon binds to it
  4. t

Phase 1 (8 decks)

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