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IMMS Flashcards

1
Q

What are the organelles in a cell?

A

nucleus
mitochondria
SER
RER
golgi
lysosome
peroxisomes
cytoskeleton

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2
Q

What is present in the nucleus of a cell

A

DNA (chromatin)
Nucleolus - RNA synthesis

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3
Q

Two types of chromatin are?

A

Euchromatin - loose coils, expressed
Heterochromatin - tight coils, repressed

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4
Q

Function of mitochondria

A

ATP synthesis

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5
Q

Function of SER

A

membrane lipid synthesis
protein storage
phase 1 detoxification

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6
Q

Function of RER

A

High in ribosomes –> protein synthesis

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7
Q

Function of golgi

A

Storage, package and transport of proteins

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8
Q

What is golgi subdivided into and their functions

A

Cis - receives protein/lipid vesicles
Medial - adds sugar to them
Trans - packages modified molecules into vesicles

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9
Q

Function of lysosomes

A

degrate proteins
cell autolysis

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10
Q

What is the pH of a lysosome and how is it maintained?

A

pH - 5
maintained by the H+/K+ ATPases

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11
Q

Function of peroxisomes

A

Fatty acids beta oxidation
Produces and destroys H2O2
Removes H from lipid/alcohol/toxic substances

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12
Q

What are the parts of the cytoskeleton and their functions

A

Microtubules - tubulin major protein and arranged as a/B
structure
Function - mitosis, component of cilia aswell

Intermediate filaments - no motor protein
Function - maintaining cell integrity, cell to cell contact

Microfilaments - myosin motor protein
Function - cell shape and motility

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13
Q

What are the storage products in cells?

A

Lipofuscin - ‘wear and tear’ pigment (oxidative lipid degradation product)
Present in old cells
Orangey brown

Lipids - stored in adipocytes (fat cells) and liver
White strings

Glycogen - glucose reserve in skeletal muscle and liver

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14
Q

What are functions of the cell membrane?

A
  • semi permeable
  • maintains structural integrity
  • separates ultra/extracellular (a boundary)
  • reception for self/foreign ID
  • WBS adjacent cells
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15
Q

What are the two types of membrane proteins?

A

Receptors - outside binding triggers intracellular response
- can be enzyme linked or ion channels (less common)

Channels:
- ligand gated (depends on ligand binding to open)
- voltage gates
- mechanical gated (open whens stretched)

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16
Q

What are the four types of cell to cell junctions?

A
  • tight junction
  • adherens
  • desmosomes
  • gap junction
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17
Q

Describe tight junctions

A
  • no passage
  • cells sealed like a sheet
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18
Q

Describe adherens junctions

A
  • adjacent actin bundles of cell formed
  • fixal adhesion - actin to extracellular matrix
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19
Q

Describe desmosomes

A
  • adjacent intermediate filaments joined
  • hemidesmosomes: intermediate filament to extracellular matrix
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20
Q

Describe gap junctions

A

allows adjacent cell passage of ions
key in myocardium contraction (contracts as a synctium)
synctium is a cytoplasmic mass containing several nuclei formed by fusion of cells

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21
Q

6 types of movement across a membrane

A

diffusion
osmosis
facilitated diffusion
active transport
exocytosis
endocytosis

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22
Q

what are the two types of active transport?

A
  1. direct - Na+ - K+ ATPase pumps
  2. indirect - cotransport
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23
Q

What is exocytosis?

A

vesicles dont enter the cell because they are too big or hydrophilic

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24
Q

What is endocytosis?

A

intake of molecules in phagosome vacuole

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25
Three examples of endocytosis
1. Phagocytosis - engulfing of whole cells/pathogens/macromolecules by macrophages 2. Pinocytosis - engilfing dissolved solutes 3. Receptor mediated - engulfing ligand-receptor complex
26
Definition of homeostasis is?
maintenance of constant internal condition at a normal range
27
What are the three modes of communication?
Autocrine - secreed hormone acts on itself Paracrine - secreted hormone acts on a neightbouring cell (hormone not in contact with blood) Exocrine - secreted hoormone acts on a distant cell (hormone in contact with blood)
28
What are the two types of feedback and what they mean
Negative feedback - regulated loop Positive feedback - amplifies
29
What are the two types of hormones?
Peptide Steroid
30
What are peptide hormones made out of?
amino acids
31
Are peptide hormone water or lipid soluble?
water (directly in contact with blood)
32
Are peptide hormones fast or slow acting
fast
33
What are steroid hormones made out of?
Cholesterol
34
Are steroid hormones water or lipid soluble?
Lipid
35
Do lipid steroid bind to or diffuse through the cell membrane
diffuse
36
Do peptide hormones bind to or diffuse through the cell membrane?
Bud off
37
Are peptide hormones fast ot slow acting?
slow
38
Are peptide hormones premade and stored?
Yes
39
Are steroid hormones premade and stored?
No
40
How many L is the total water in a 70kg male body?
42L
41
How is water distributed?
ICF - 28L ECF - 14L
42
What is ECF subdivided into?
Interstitial - 11L (outside blood vessels) Plasma - 3L (inside blood vessels)
43
Main ion in the ICF?
K+
44
Main ion in the ECF?
Na+
45
What is sensible loss of water?
Loss of water that can be measured
46
What is insensible loss of water?
Loss that can't be measured
47
What is loss of water regulated by?
Kidney
48
What is RAAS?
Renin-Angiotensinogen-Angiotensin system
49
When is the RAAS activated?
When BP is low (detected by juxtaglomerular cells (JG cells) in walls of afferent arterioles) When NaCl is low (detected by macula densa in distal nephron). Macula dense triggers JG cells and renin released
50
Briefly describe the RAAS
ADD ANSWER
51
What is the effect of ADH
Acts on the aquaporins of the collection duct This leads to an increase in water reabsorption More water = increase ECF = increased BP
52
Where is ADH released from?
posterior pituitary
53
What is the effect of aldosterone?
Increases the Na+ reabsorption in the ascending loop of Henle Water follows Na+ as the water potential of the medulla decreases More water = ECF increase = Increase in BP
54
Where is aldosterone released from?
suprarenal cortex
55
What is the effect of ANP?
Decreases BP by being an antagonist to aldosterone It also makes the afferent arteriole to dilate
56
What can excess water cause?
Oedema
57
Define osmolarity
solute concentration/L of solution
58
Define osmotic pressure
Pressure needed to be exerted by a pure solution so that inward osmosis is prevented
59
Define oncotic pressure
Pressure exerted by a protein (albumin) on capillary wall keeping fluid in
60
Define hydrostatic pressure
Pressure that a fluid in a confined space exerts
61
What is hyper/hyponatremia?
Hyper - high conc of sodium ions in the body Hypo - small conc of sodium ions in the body
62
Causes of hyper/hyponatremia?
Hyper: - dehydration - increased aldosterone - failing kidneys Hypo: - excess water - decreased aldosterone
63
Symptoms of hyper/hyponatremia?
Hyper: - oedema - increased BP Hypo: - decreased BP - overhydrated intracellularly
64
What is hypo/hyperkalemia?
Hypokalemia happens when the conc of K+ ions is small Hyperkalemia happens when the conc of K+ ions is too high
65
Causes of hyper/hypkalemia?
hyper caused by kidney failure, decreases aldosterone, alkalosis hypo is caused by diarrhoea, acidosis, increased aldosterone
66
Symptoms of hypo/hyperkalemia?
hypo - weakness and heart problems hyper - nerve and muscle issues
67
What is hyper/hypocalcemia?
hyper means too much calcium ions in the body hypo means too less calcium ions in the body
68
Causes of hyper/hypocalcemia
Hyper caused by increased parathyroid hormone, skeletal metastasis Hypo caused by decreased parathyroid hormone, deficiency of vitamin D, GI malabsorption
69
Symptoms of hyper/hypocalcemia
Hyper causes bone and muscle weakness, calcification Hypo causes muscle spasms
70
What 5 macromolecules are present in the body
Sugars/carbohydrates Lipids Nucleotides Amino acids Proreins
71
Describe carbohydrates
mono/di/polysaccharides glycosidic bond main = glucose - respiration
72
Describe lipids
Triglycerides and phospholipids (cell membrane) main energy source by fat beta oxidation used for lubrication, make something waterproof, protection
73
Describe nucleotides
phosphate + pentose + base A with T/U, C with G A and T/U 2 H bonds C and G 3 bonds
74
Describe amino acids
20 normally occur, 8 EAAS monomers of peptides peptide bonds between them proprieties affected by the variable R group
75
Describe proteins
primary - amino acid sequence secondary - H bonds formed, alpha helix or beta sheet tertiary - ionic and disuphide bridges lead to 3D folding quaternery - more than one peptide chain
76
Describe enzymes
functional globular tertiary protein
77
What is haemoglobin made out of?
2 alpha 2 beta
78
What is foetal haemoglobin made out of?
2 alpha 2 y leads to increase affinity for oxygen
79
What is sickle haemoglobin made out of?
2 alpha, 2 mutated beta
80
Is sickle cell autosomal recessive or dominant?
autosomal recessive
81
What leads to sickle cell anaemia?
GAG to GTG substitution leads to mutated beta chains makes RBC have a smaller SA (sickled)
82
Where is sickle cell anaemia more common and why?
Africa because it provides protection against malaria
83
DNA replication steps
1. topoisomerase unwinds supercoils 2. Helicase breaks H bonds and makes DNA single strands 3. free nucleotides bind to complementary bases on the exposed DNA strand 4. DNA polymerase reads 3 to 5 and synthesises 5 to 3 (antiparallel configuration) and forms phosphodiester bonds between free nucleotides 5. DNA ligase joins the fragments of DNA together
84
Describe transcription
1. Initiation -Topoisomerase unwinds supercoils -DNA helicase breask the H bonds between the DNA strands 2. Production: -free mRNA nucleotides are initiated by a TATA promoter region + AUG = start codon -RNA polymerase goes 5' to 3' until a stop codon is reached -pre mRNA strand generated 3. Splicing -introns removed from the pre mRNA strand
85
Where does transcription take place?
Nucleus
86
Where does translation take place?
Cytoplasm At a ribosome
87
Describe translation
1. AUG codon detected by a ribosome 2. mRNA strand binds to the ribosome 3. Ribosome reads codons from left to right, hena tRNA with a complementary anti codon binds to it 4. t
87
Describe translation
1. AUG codon detected by a ribosome 2. mRNA strand binds to the ribosome 3. Ribosome reads codons from left to right, hena tRNA with a complementary anti codon binds to it 4. t

Phase 1 (8 decks)

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