IMMS Flashcards
Stages Of glycolysis
1)Glucose is converted into Glucose-6-Phosphate using enzyme HEXOKINASE and 1 mol of ATP
2)Glucose-6-Phosphate is converted to isomer Fructose-6-phosphate using enzyme PHOSPHOGLUCOISOMERASE
3)Fructose-6-Phosphate becomes phosphorylated using enzyme PHOSPHOFRUCTOKINASE(PFK-1) and 1 mol ATP making fructose-1,6-biphosphate
4)Fructose-1,6-biphosphate using enzyme ADOLASE forms 2x glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
5)G3P converted into 2x1,3 Biphosphoglycerate using enzyme GLYCERALDEHYDE 3-PHOSPHATE DEHYROGENASE
5)This takes the Hydrogen from G3P and gives to NAD+ to form NADHx2
6)PHOSPHOGLYCERATE KINASE removes phosphate from 1,3BPG and gives to ADP to form 2xATP and 2x3phosphoglycerate
7)MUTASE moves phosphate group down to form 2x2phosphoglycerate
8)ENOLASE removes H2O and makes 2xphosphoenolpyruvate
9)PYRUVATE KINASE removes phosphate to form ATP from ADP and makes 2xpyruvate
Products of Glycolysis
-2xATP
-2xNADH
-2xPyruvate
Where does Glycolysis occur?
Occurs in the cytoplasm under both Aerobic and Anaerobic Conditions
Regulation Of Glycolysis
-PFK-1 is the rate limiting step–>rate at which PFK-1 converts to fructose-1,6-biphosphate determines speed at which glycolysis occurs.
-PFK-2 can also Phopshorylate fructose-6-phosphate but adds phosphate on second carbon making fructose-2,6-Biphosphate–>This increases amount of PFK-1 enzymes
Regulation of glycolysis 2
PFK is regulated by ATP, an ADP derivative called adenosine monophosphate (AMP), citrate and Fructose 2, 6 bisphosphates
ATP: is an inhibitor of PFK1
AMP: is an activator of PFK-1. When ATP is used, ADP accumulates and is converted to AMP by Adenylate kinase reaction to generate ATP. 2ADP = ATP + AMP
Regulation of glycolysis 3
-Increase in level of cells energy=increase ATP and Citrate=PFK-1 inhibited
-PFK-2 activity varies depending on level of glucose in the blood –>-glucose level increase=insulin increase=increase in PFK-2=Increase in fructose-2,6-Biphosphate=Increase in PFK-1
-Glucose levels decrease=Increase in glucagon=Inhibits PFK-2=Less FRUCTOSE-2,6-Biphosphate=Inhibits PFK-1=slows glycolysis down
Glycolysis
Anaerobic conditions-
-Lactate formation is catalysed by lactate dehydrogenase
-Regeneration of NAD
Aerobic conditions-
-Enters mitochondria and converted to acetyl-CoA and carbon dioxide by pyruvate dehydrogenase
Stages of krebs cycle
1)Pyruvate becomes oxidized to form acetyl-CoA using PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX forms NADH and CO2
2)Acetyl-CoA combines with oxaloacetate via CITRATE SYNTHASE to make Citrate+CoA
3)citrate–>isocitrate via ACONITASE
4)isocitrate is oxidized to form Alpha-ketoglutarate via ISOCITRATE DEHYDROGENASE and NADH +CO2 is produced
5)Alpha-ketoglutarate–>succinyl CoA via ALPHAKETOGLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE and NADH +CO2 produced
6)succinyl CoA –>succinate via SUCCINATE CoA DEHYDROGENASE and molecule of GTP is formed
7)Succinate–>Fumrate via SUCCINATE DEHYDROGENASE and molecule of QH2 is formed which is used for production of FADH2
8)Fumrate –>Malate via FUMRASE
9)Malate –>Oxaloacetate via MALAGE DEHYDROGENASE and one molecule of NADH is formed.
products of krebs cycle
-cycle occurs 2x so products double as there is 2xpyruvate
-3xNADH
-1xFADH2
-1xGTP
-2xCO2
Where does the krebs cycle take place?
Occurs in the mitochondrial matrix
Nucleus
storage and transmission of genetic information
Mitochondria
Site of oxidative phosphorylation
Golgi Apparatus
Processes and modifies macromolecules
Cis-golgi
nuclear facing -recieves from rough ER protein phosphorylation occurs here
Medial Golgi
Forms oligosaccharides by ading sugars to lipids and protein
Trans Golgi
Proteolysis of peptides into active forms and sorting molecules into vesicles
Rough ER
Protein synthesis
