IMMS 1 - Introduction to musculoskeletal anatomy

Question 1

Superior

Answer 1

Above.
The brain is superior to the heart

Question 2

Inferior

Answer 2

Below.

The pelvis is inferior to the thorax

Question 3

Anterior/ Ventral

Answer 3

Front ( in front of)

Nose is anterior to the ears

Question 4

Posterior / Dorsal

Answer 4

Back (behind)

The spine is posterior to the sternum.

Question 5

Medial

Answer 5

Closer to the centre line

The big toe is medial to the little toe.

Question 6

Lateral

Answer 6

Further away from the centre line

The thumb is lateral to the palm.

Question 7

Proximal

Answer 7

Closer to the origin

The elbow is proximal to the wrist

Question 8

Distal

Answer 8

Further away from the origin

The toes are distal to the knee

Question 9

Ipsilateral

Answer 9

The same side of the body

The right arm and right leg are ipsilateral to each other.

Question 10

Contralateral

Answer 10

The opposite side of the body

The right arm and left leg are contralateral to each other.

Question 11

Deep

Answer 11

Further away from the surface

The heart is deep to the sternum

Question 12

Deep

Answer 12

Further away from the surface

The heart is deep to the sternum

Question 13

Superficial

Answer 13

Closer to the surface

The skin is superficial to muscle.

Question 14

Supine

Answer 14

Lying down, flat on back, facing up

With the patient supine, they are facing the ceiling.

Question 15

Prone (position)

Answer 15

Lying down, on front, facing face down

With the patient prone, they are facing the floor.

Question 16

Cranial

Answer 16

Towards the head

The brain is cranial to the spinal cord.

Question 17

Caudal

Answer 17

Towards the ‘tail’

The pelvis is caudal to the abdomen

Question 18

Caudal

Answer 18

Towards the ‘tail’

The pelvis is caudal to the abdomen

Question 19

Rostral

Answer 19

Towards the face

The frontal lobe of the brain is rostral to the occipital lobe.

Question 20

Coronal plane

Answer 20

‘face-on’. A coronal incision cuts a structure into an anterior and a posterior part.

Question 21

Sagittal plane

Answer 21

‘side-on’. A midline sagittal incision cuts a structure into a left and a right side. The term parasagittal refers to a cut in the sagittal plane but parallel to the midline (i.e. off to one side or the other)
Mohawk

Question 22

Axial / Transverse plane

Answer 22

‘end-on’. An axial incision cuts a structure into a superior and an inferior part.

Question 23

Axil Skeleton

Answer 23

central, or core, parts: the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum.

Question 24

Appendicular Skeleton

Answer 24

the bones of the limbs, including the shoulder blades (scapulae), collarbones (clavicles) and the pelvic girdle.

Question 25

Synovial joints

Answer 25

The most common type of joint. A very narrow synovial cavity separates the articular surfaces of the bones. The cavity contains lubricating synovial fluid, which is enclosed in a joint capsule. The joint capsule has two layers: an outer fibrous capsule, and an inner synovial membrane. The articular surfaces are covered with articular ‘hyaline’ cartilage. Synovial joints usually allow a great deal of movement. Examples: the shoulder, knee, and wrist joints

Question 26

Fibrous Joints

Answer 26

Connect two bones together via strong fibrous tissue. There is no cavity and no fluid. There is usually very little (if any) movement at fibrous joints. Example: the joints between the individual bones of the skull (called ‘sutures’)

Question 27

Cartilaginous Joints

Answer 27

Like fibrous joints, but the articular surfaces are separated by cartilage instead of fibrous tissue. There are two subtypes.

Question 28

Primary Cartilaginous Joints

Answer 28

joints are connected to each other by hyaline cartilage, which allows some flexibility.
Example: where the ribs meet the sternum.

Question 29

Primary Cartilaginous Joints

Answer 29

joints are connected to each other by hyaline cartilage, which allows some flexibility.
Example: where the ribs meet the sternum.