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Phase 1 > IMMS 1 > Flashcards

IMMS 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a cell?

A

Functional unit of the body, compartmentalised by a cell membrane, containing intracellular organelles and cytoplasm. Many cellular metabolic processes occur here including those that allow molecules into and out of the cell

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2
Q

Describe the nucleus

A

‘Cell brain’ - has a double nuclear membrane with pores in to allow passage of mRNA, DNA (in form of chromatin), nucleolus that produces rRNA for protein synthesis

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3
Q

Describe the mitochondria

A

‘Cell battery’ - oxidative phosphorylation, mtDNA, double membrane (inner highly folded - cristae)

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4
Q 
What occurs in the:
1) outer membrane
2) inner membrane
3) matrix
4) intramembranous space
of the mitochondria?
A

1) outer membrane - lipid synthesis + fatty acid metabolism
2) inner membrane - respiratory (electron transport) chain, ATP production
3) matrix - Kreb’s (TCA) cycle
4) intramembranous space - nucleotide phosphorylation

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5
Q

Describe the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

A

Most extensive cytoplasmic organelle: network of membranes

  1. RER (granular) - flattened sacs with ribosomal particles attached to its cytosolic surface. Site of protein synthesis.
  2. SER (agranular) - tubular network. Lipid/phospholipid/steroid synthesis. Storage and release of calcium
  3. Sarcoplasmic - smooth, found in myocytes
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6
Q

Describe the Golgi apparatus

A

Stack of parallel membranes
‘Sorts and modifies’ macromolecules from the RER
Phosphorylates proteins, forms oligosaccharides, and sorts molecules into Golgi vesicles

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7
Q

What is the function of lysosomes?

A

Digest particulate matter that enters the cell

Waste disposal system - H+-ATPase on membrane creates optimal pH 5 environment for enzymes

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8
Q

What is the function of peroxisomes?

A

They use oxygen to remove hydrogen from organic molecules and in the process form hydrogen peroxide e.g. breakdown of long chain FAs
D-amino oxidase, catalase and rate oxidase

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9
Q

Give four functions of the plasma membrane

A
  1. physical boundary for cell
  2. regulation of movement of substances
  3. receptors for cell-to-cell signalling
  4. attach cell to extracellular matrix
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10
Q

What are the 3 types of membrane junctions that link adjacent cells?

A

Desmosomes (anchor) - attach via intermediate filaments
Tight (occlude) - seal cells together to prevent leakage
Gap (communicating) - electrical signals conduction

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11
Q

Name 3 types of carrier mediated transport

A

Uniport (GLUT)
Symport (Na-GLUT)
Antiport (Na-H)

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12
Q

Give 3 types of cell surface receptors

A

Enzyme-linked receptors (e.g TKRs)
Ion channel linked receptors
GPCRs

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13
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

Control and maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment

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14
Q

What are the three types of control mechanisms in homeostasis?

A
  1. Autocrine - cell secretes hormones that bind to the same cell
  2. Paracrine - induces change in nearby cell
  3. Endocrine - glands secrete hormone that travel in blood to effector structure
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15
Q

Give an example of autocrine signalling

A

Immunity - T lymphocytes, cytokines

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16
Q

Give an example of paracrine signalling

A

Neurosynapses, NMJ, clotting

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17
Q

Give an example of endocrine signalling

A

Hormones, glands etc (pituitary, thyroid)

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18
Q

How does water enter the body?

A

Drinks, food, IV fluids

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19
Q

How does water leave the body?

A 
Kidneys
GI tract - faeces, vomit and blood loss
Blood loss - open wounds, internal bleeding
Sweating
Burns
Respiratory
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20
Q

What hormones influence water balance?

A

ADH (antidiuretic hormone)/vasopressin & Aldosterone - stimulate sodium retention
ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide) - generates sodium loss

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21
Q

What is the difference between ‘sensible’ and ‘insensible’ water loss?

A

Sensible - loss that can be perceived by the senses and CAN BE MEASURED
Insensible - can neither be perceived nor measured directly

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22
Q

Give an example of ‘insensible’ water loss

A

Respiratory loss

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23
Q

Define: osmosis

A

Movement of solvent molecules through a semipermeable membrane to higher solute concentration

24
Q

Define: osmolaLity

A

No. dissolved particles per kg of fluids

25
Q

Define: osmolaRity

A

No. dissolved particles per L of fluid

26
Q

Approximately how much of the body is made up of water?

A

60% body weight (approx 42L)

27
Q

How much of the body’s weight (& water content) is in:

  1. INTRAcellular fluid
  2. EXTRAcellular fluid
A
  1. intracellular - 40% (28L)

2. extracellular - 20% (14L)

28
Q

Approximately 20% of body weight is found in the extracellular fluid (14L body water). How much of this is:

  1. interstitial
  2. plasma
  3. transcellular (CSF, digestive juices, mucus)
A
  1. 10L
  2. 3L
  3. 1L
29
Q

Give three ways in which molecules can move across the plasma membrane

A

1) Passive diffusion
2) Facilitated diffusion through protein channels with(out) carrier proteins
3) Active transport

30
Q

Give an example of passive diffusion

A

Gaseous exchange along chemical gradient

31
Q

Give an example of facilitated diffusion

A

Glucose - protein assisted which is unregulated by insulin. VGCs activated by APs

32
Q

Give an example of active transport

A

Na/K-ATPase pump - going against chemical and electrical gradients

33
Q

What is the difference between Oedema and Serous Effusion?

A
  1. Oedema - excess water in the intercellular tissue space

2. Serous effusion - excess water in a body cavity

34
Q

What is oedema?

A

excess water in the intercellular tissue space

35
Q

What are the four main types of oedema?

A

Inflammatory (leakage)
Venous (increased end pressure)
Lymphatic (blocked)
Hypoalbuminaemic

36
Q

Define: osmotic pressure

A

Pressure applied to a solution, by a pure solvent, required to prevent inward osmosis through a semipermeable membrane

37
Q

Define: oncotic pressure

A

Form of osmotic pressure exerted by proteins that tend to pull fluid into solution

38
Q

What is the function of the cis (nuclear) face of the Golgi apparatus?

A

receives smooth ER vesicles, protein phosphorylation

39
Q

What is the function of the medial Golgi apparatus?

A

modify products by adding sugars

40
Q

What is the function of the Trans Golgi Network?

A

proteolysis of peptides into active forms, sorting molecules into vesicles

41
Q

What is the cytoskeleton?

A

Filament proteins supporting structure of the cell

42
Q

What is the function of the cytoskeleton?

A

Helps cells maintain their shape and internal organisation

43
Q

What are the 3 main types of filament proteins in the cytoskeleton?

A
  1. microfilaments - ACTIN
  2. intermediate filaments
  3. microtubules - TUBULIN
44
Q

What is the role of actin (microfilaments) in the cytoskeleton?

A

Forms a mesh (cell cortex) to inner cell membrane

45
Q

What is the role of intermediate filaments in the cytoskeleton?

A

Spreads tensile forces

46
Q

What are the components of the phospholipid bilayer?

A

Glycolipids - communication, joins cells to form tissues + stability
Glycoproteins - integral proteins
Cholesterol - maintains fluidity
Embedded proteins

47
Q

What is endocytosis?

A

Energetic process to absorb/engulf molecules into cell

48
Q

What are the three main types of endocytosis?

A
  1. phagocytosis (‘eating’ macromolecules/ entire cell to form phagosomes)
  2. pinocytosis (‘drinking’ dissolved solutes)
  3. receptor-mediated (specific, depressed areas: coated pits)
49
Q

Give an example of a peptide hormone

A

Insulin
Growth home
TSH & ADH

50
Q

Give an example of a steroid hormone

A

Testosterone
Oestrogen
Cortisol

51
Q

Which hormone-type is faster-acting? Peptide or steroid?

A

Peptide; steroid hormones are SLOW acting

52
Q

Give an example of an amino-acid derivative hormone?

A

Adrenaline
T4
T3

53
Q

What amino acid are adrenaline, T4 and T3 synthesised from?

A

Tyrosine

54
Q

Give two examples of physiological POSITIVE FEEDBACK loops

A

Clotting cascade

Oxytocin during childbirth

55
Q

Give four examples of physiological NEGATIVE FEEDBACK loops

A

Blood sugar regulation
Temperature regulation
Blood pressure regulation
Metabolism/thyroid regulation

Phase 1 (1 decks)

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