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IMMS 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a cell?

A

Functional unit of the body, compartmentalised by a cell membrane, containing intracellular organelles and cytoplasm. Many cellular metabolic processes occur here including those that allow molecules into and out of the cell

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2
Q

Describe the nucleus

A

‘Cell brain’ - has a double nuclear membrane with pores in to allow passage of mRNA, DNA (in form of chromatin), nucleolus that produces rRNA for protein synthesis

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3
Q

Describe the mitochondria

A

‘Cell battery’ - oxidative phosphorylation, mtDNA, double membrane (inner highly folded - cristae)

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4
Q 
What occurs in the:
1) outer membrane
2) inner membrane
3) matrix
4) intramembranous space
of the mitochondria?
A

1) outer membrane - lipid synthesis + fatty acid metabolism
2) inner membrane - respiratory (electron transport) chain, ATP production
3) matrix - Kreb’s (TCA) cycle
4) intramembranous space - nucleotide phosphorylation

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5
Q

Describe the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

A

Most extensive cytoplasmic organelle: network of membranes

  1. RER (granular) - flattened sacs with ribosomal particles attached to its cytosolic surface. Site of protein synthesis.
  2. SER (agranular) - tubular network. Lipid/phospholipid/steroid synthesis. Storage and release of calcium
  3. Sarcoplasmic - smooth, found in myocytes
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6
Q

Describe the Golgi apparatus

A

Stack of parallel membranes
‘Sorts and modifies’ macromolecules from the RER
Phosphorylates proteins, forms oligosaccharides, and sorts molecules into Golgi vesicles

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7
Q

What is the function of lysosomes?

A

Digest particulate matter that enters the cell

Waste disposal system - H+-ATPase on membrane creates optimal pH 5 environment for enzymes

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8
Q

What is the function of peroxisomes?

A

They use oxygen to remove hydrogen from organic molecules and in the process form hydrogen peroxide e.g. breakdown of long chain FAs
D-amino oxidase, catalase and rate oxidase

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9
Q

Give four functions of the plasma membrane

A
  1. physical boundary for cell
  2. regulation of movement of substances
  3. receptors for cell-to-cell signalling
  4. attach cell to extracellular matrix
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10
Q

What are the 3 types of membrane junctions that link adjacent cells?

A

Desmosomes (anchor) - attach via intermediate filaments
Tight (occlude) - seal cells together to prevent leakage
Gap (communicating) - electrical signals conduction

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11
Q

Name 3 types of carrier mediated transport

A

Uniport (GLUT)
Symport (Na-GLUT)
Antiport (Na-H)

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12
Q

Give 3 types of cell surface receptors

A

Enzyme-linked receptors (e.g TKRs)
Ion channel linked receptors
GPCRs

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13
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

Control and maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment

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14
Q

What are the three types of control mechanisms in homeostasis?

A
  1. Autocrine - cell secretes hormones that bind to the same cell
  2. Paracrine - induces change in nearby cell
  3. Endocrine - glands secrete hormone that travel in blood to effector structure
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15
Q

Give an example of autocrine signalling

A

Immunity - T lymphocytes, cytokines

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16
Q

Give an example of paracrine signalling

A

Neurosynapses, NMJ, clotting

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17
Q

Give an example of endocrine signalling

A

Hormones, glands etc (pituitary, thyroid)

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18
Q

How does water enter the body?

A

Drinks, food, IV fluids

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19
Q

How does water leave the body?

A 
Kidneys
GI tract - faeces, vomit and blood loss
Blood loss - open wounds, internal bleeding
Sweating
Burns
Respiratory
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20
Q

What hormones influence water balance?

A

ADH (antidiuretic hormone)/vasopressin & Aldosterone - stimulate sodium retention
ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide) - generates sodium loss

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21
Q

What is the difference between ‘sensible’ and ‘insensible’ water loss?

A

Sensible - loss that can be perceived by the senses and CAN BE MEASURED
Insensible - can neither be perceived nor measured directly

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22
Q

Give an example of ‘insensible’ water loss

A

Respiratory loss

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23
Q

Define: osmosis

A

Movement of solvent molecules through a semipermeable membrane to higher solute concentration

24
Q

Define: osmolaLity

A

No. dissolved particles per kg of fluids

25
Define: osmolaRity
No. dissolved particles per L of fluid
26
Approximately how much of the body is made up of water?
60% body weight (approx 42L)
27
How much of the body's weight (& water content) is in: 1. INTRAcellular fluid 2. EXTRAcellular fluid
1. intracellular - 40% (28L) | 2. extracellular - 20% (14L)
28
Approximately 20% of body weight is found in the extracellular fluid (14L body water). How much of this is: 1. interstitial 2. plasma 3. transcellular (CSF, digestive juices, mucus)
1. 10L 2. 3L 3. 1L
29
Give three ways in which molecules can move across the plasma membrane
1) Passive diffusion 2) Facilitated diffusion through protein channels with(out) carrier proteins 3) Active transport
30
Give an example of passive diffusion
Gaseous exchange along chemical gradient
31
Give an example of facilitated diffusion
Glucose - protein assisted which is unregulated by insulin. VGCs activated by APs
32
Give an example of active transport
Na/K-ATPase pump - going against chemical and electrical gradients
33
What is the difference between Oedema and Serous Effusion?
1. Oedema - excess water in the intercellular tissue space | 2. Serous effusion - excess water in a body cavity
34
What is oedema?
excess water in the intercellular tissue space
35
What are the four main types of oedema?
Inflammatory (leakage) Venous (increased end pressure) Lymphatic (blocked) Hypoalbuminaemic
36
Define: osmotic pressure
Pressure applied to a solution, by a pure solvent, required to prevent inward osmosis through a semipermeable membrane
37
Define: oncotic pressure
Form of osmotic pressure exerted by proteins that tend to pull fluid into solution
38
What is the function of the cis (nuclear) face of the Golgi apparatus?
receives smooth ER vesicles, protein phosphorylation
39
What is the function of the medial Golgi apparatus?
modify products by adding sugars
40
What is the function of the Trans Golgi Network?
proteolysis of peptides into active forms, sorting molecules into vesicles
41
What is the cytoskeleton?
Filament proteins supporting structure of the cell
42
What is the function of the cytoskeleton?
Helps cells maintain their shape and internal organisation
43
What are the 3 main types of filament proteins in the cytoskeleton?
1. microfilaments - ACTIN 2. intermediate filaments 3. microtubules - TUBULIN
44
What is the role of actin (microfilaments) in the cytoskeleton?
Forms a mesh (cell cortex) to inner cell membrane
45
What is the role of intermediate filaments in the cytoskeleton?
Spreads tensile forces
46
What are the components of the phospholipid bilayer?
Glycolipids - communication, joins cells to form tissues + stability Glycoproteins - integral proteins Cholesterol - maintains fluidity Embedded proteins
47
What is endocytosis?
Energetic process to absorb/engulf molecules into cell
48
What are the three main types of endocytosis?
1. phagocytosis ('eating' macromolecules/ entire cell to form phagosomes) 2. pinocytosis ('drinking' dissolved solutes) 3. receptor-mediated (specific, depressed areas: coated pits)
49
Give an example of a peptide hormone
Insulin Growth home TSH & ADH
50
Give an example of a steroid hormone
Testosterone Oestrogen Cortisol
51
Which hormone-type is faster-acting? Peptide or steroid?
Peptide; steroid hormones are SLOW acting
52
Give an example of an amino-acid derivative hormone?
Adrenaline T4 T3
53
What amino acid are adrenaline, T4 and T3 synthesised from?
Tyrosine
54
Give two examples of physiological POSITIVE FEEDBACK loops
Clotting cascade | Oxytocin during childbirth
55
Give four examples of physiological NEGATIVE FEEDBACK loops
Blood sugar regulation Temperature regulation Blood pressure regulation Metabolism/thyroid regulation

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