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Med > IMED1001 (III) > Flashcards

IMED1001 (III) Flashcards

1
Q

How is the liver split up?

A

Anatomically 4 (left right caudal and quadrate)
Functionally 2
Clinically 8

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2
Q

What smaller veins make up the hepatic portal vein?

A

Splenic vein + superior mesenteric vein

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3
Q

What are the cells in the liver called?

A

Hepatocytes

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4
Q

What composes a portal triad? (there are multiple portal triads)

A

Bile duct
Hepatic portal vein
Hepatic artery proper

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5
Q

What two structures bring blood to liver and in what proportions?

A

Hepatic portal vein (75%)
Hepatic artery proper (25%)

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6
Q

Explain how bile is made and transported

A
  • Bile is made in liver
  • Bile then travels along a bile duct
  • These bile ducts merge to form the right and left hepatic ducts which leave the liver
  • The right and left hepatic ducts merge to form common hepatic duct
  • Bile from common hepatic duct goes into cystic duct into gall bladder
  • Bile is eventually released in duodenum
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7
Q

What serves the gall bladder in terms of blood supply?

A

Cystic artery (branch of coeliac trunk)

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8
Q

What artery supplies the pancreas?

A

Gastroduodenal artery (another offshoot of coeliac trunk)

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9
Q

What artery supplies the spleen?

A

Splenic artery

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10
Q

What are all the components of the endocrine system?

A

Pituitary gland (hypophysis)
Pineal gland (epiphysis)
Thyroid gland
Parathyroid gland
Adrenal (suprarenal) gland
Pancreas
Ovaries (in females)
Testes (in males)

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11
Q

Role of hypothalamus in endocrine system and ANS

A

Controls ANS and pituitary gland
Does this by releasing hormone releasing factors which stimulate hormone release from pituitary gland
Can also release hormone inhibiting factors which inhibit release of hormones

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12
Q

Hormones released by anterior pituitary gland (adenohypophyosis)
Get To Leave For Paris After

A

Growth hormone (GH)
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
Luteinising hormone (LH)
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
Prolactin
Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)

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13
Q

Hormones released by posterior pituitary gland (neurohyphyosis)

A

Anti-diuretic hormone
Oxytocin

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14
Q

Role of pineal gland in endocrine system (what does it produce)

A

Makes melatonin from seratonin which makes you sleepy
Sympathetic stimulation causes minimal melatonin to be made during the day

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15
Q

Role of thyroid gland

A

The thyroid gland produces T3 and T4 hormones (triiodothyronine and thyroxine). Also produces calcitonin which acts on bones and kidneys to reduce blood calcium levels

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16
Q

Detail the number of parathyroid glands we have and what hormone they secrete

A

4-6 parathyroid glands.
Produces PTH which acts on bones and kidneys to INCREASE blood calcium levels

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17
Q

What are the two subunits of the adrenal glands (there are two) and what do they secrete

A

Cortex produces glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids and androgens (note most end in -oids)
Medulla produces adrenaline, also called epinephrine

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18
Q

What hormones does the pancreas produce?

A

Glucagon and insulin

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19
Q

What hormones do the ovaries produce and in response to what?

A

Due to production of FSH and LH (follice stimulating, lutanizing), they produce oestrogen and progesterone

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20
Q

What hormones do the testis secrete?

A

Testosterone

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21
Q

What is the function of the kidneys in the urinary system?

A

To excrete urine

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22
Q

What is the function of the ureters in urinary system?

A

Transport urine

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23
Q

What is the function of the urinary bladder in urinary system?

A

To store urine

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24
Q

What is the function of the urethra in urinary system?

A

To discharge urine

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25
Q

What does it mean when we say that the kidneys are retro-peritoneal?

A

They sit behind a lining in the abdominal wall

26
Q

What artery and vein connect to the kidneys?

A

Renal artery and renal vein (renal vein is anterior to artery)

27
Q

Describe the veins and arteries which service the urinary bladder

A

Superior and inferior vesical arteries which branch from internal illiac (common illiac)

28
Q

What are the walls of the bladder made of?

A

A strong smooth muscle wall called detrusor muscle. The inner membrane is covered by mucous membrane

29
Q

What are the differences between male and female bladder?

A

Males have internal and external sphincters. Females have only external sphincters. Internal is made of smooth muscle and is involuntary (made of ANS). External is made of skeletal muscle and is under control by somatic nerves

30
Q

How does sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulation affect urination?

A

Parasympathetic means that detrusor muscle contracts, the two sphincters in males relax (one of them voluntarily) and urination occurs.
Sympathetic means, muscle doesn’t contract, and sphincters don’t relax so no urination

31
Q

Contrast the male and female urethra

A

Male has:
- Intramural (preprostatic) part of urethra
- Prostatic urethra
- Intermediate urethra
- Spongy urethra
(parts of the male urethra)
Female urethra has much smaller urethra

32
Q

Detail the pathway sperm takes to ejaculation

A

Testes
Epididymis
Ductus deferens/vas deferens (up the spermatic cord [not super important])
Pelvis/pelvic cavity
Vas deferens join with seminal vesicle to form ejaculatory duct
Prostate
Urethra

33
Q

What are the 7 layers of the scrotum?
Some Damn English Called It The Testes

A

Some Damn English Called It The Testes
- Skin
- Dartos fascia and muscle
- External spermatic fascia
- Cremasteric fascia
- Interna spermatic fascia
- Tunica vaginalis
- Tunica albuginea

34
Q

What artery supplies blood to male testes?

A

testicular artery, cremasteric artery & ductal artery.

35
Q

What is another name for bulbourethral gland?

A

Cowper’s gland

36
Q

What is another word for interstitial endocrine cell?

A

Leydig cell

37
Q

What is another word for sustenocytes?

A

Nurse cells or sertoli cells

38
Q

What is the role of sustenocytes or sertoli cells?

A

FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) acts on these cells, which allows for regulation of sperm output of seminiferous epithelium, essentially supporting spermatogenesis

39
Q

What is the role of interstitial endocrine cells or leydig cells?

A

Lutenizing hormone acts on these cells which stimulates the release of androgens, which stimulates sexual activity or maintain/induce male sexual phenotype.

Also produce testosterone

40
Q

What is the role of the bulbourethral gland/cowper’s gland?

A

Secrete something called mucin to lubricate urethra

41
Q

What is the longest section in male urethra?

A

Corpus spongiosum

42
Q

List all the different components of blood

A

Plasma
The following are considered actual cells:

White Blood Cells
- Lymphocytes
- Monocytes
- Granulocytes (basophils, neutrophils, eosinophils
Red Blood Cells
Platelets

43
Q

What is haemotopoiesis?

A

Forms stem cells which go on to form WBCs, RBCs and platelets

44
Q

What is another name for platelets?

A

Thrombocytes

45
Q

What is the function of platelets?

A

To form blood clots

46
Q

Describe all the kinds of White blood cells (GNEB, ALM)

A

Neutrophils (50-70%)
- Anti bacterial cells, respond to bacteria
Eosinophils (2-4%)
- Destroy parasites in extracellular space
Basophils (0.5 - 1%)
- Activates other WBCs
The above three are granulocytes
Below are agranuloyctes
Lymphocytes (25-45%)
- B and T lymphocytes, involved in cell immunity
Monocytes
- Become macrohpages

47
Q

What is another name for red blood cells?

A

Erythrocytes

48
Q

What is the function of haemoglobin in erythrocytes?

A

Allows O2 and CO2 to bind to it, allows for gas exchange and carrying out of waste

49
Q

Where are red blood cells primary disposed of?

A

Mainly spleen, liver and bone marrow

50
Q

What is erythropoiesis and describe it?

A

The process of a stem cell become an erythrocyte or red blood cell

51
Q

What hormone regulates eruythropoiesis

A

Erythropoietin

52
Q

What is the red blood cell count for males and females?

A

5 * 10^12 for males
4.8 * 10^12 for females

53
Q

What is haemoglobin content for males and females?

A

150 g/L for males
125 g/L for females

54
Q

Haematocrit content of males and females (PCV)

A

0.45 male
0.42 female

55
Q

Describe what occurs in the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle

A

Hypothalamus stimulates production of FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) in pituitary gland. This causes the formation of a dominant follicle (FSH causes ovaries to produce follicles). Dominant follicle releases more estrogen in your body which causes the uterine wall to thicken (this step is also called proliferative phase). The increases estrogen leads to decrease in FSH which causes follicles to not be produced. Near end of this phase, leads to release of LH (lutenizing hormone). Egg is also released due to follicle and ‘escapes’

56
Q

What is the difference between the ovarian and menstrual cycle?

A

Ovarian cycle prepares an egg for fertilisation
Menstrual cycle prepares uterine wall to receive the fertilised egg

57
Q

What occurs in luteal phase of ovarian cycle?

A

Dominant follicle becomes corpus luteum which mainly produces progesterone, which thickens the uterine wall.

58
Q

What occurs in proliferative phase in menstruation?

A

Estrogen level increases and the uterine wall begins to thickens.

59
Q

What occurs in secretory phase in menstruation?

A

Progesterone level increases due to luteal phase and corpus luteum, uterine wall stops thickening

60
Q

What is the role of the suspensory ligament of the ovaries?

A

Provide support and supplies ovarian blood vessels.

61
Q

What ligament pulls uterus in atevertebrated position?

A

Round ligament

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