IMED1001 (III) Flashcards
How is the liver split up?
Anatomically 4 (left right caudal and quadrate)
Functionally 2
Clinically 8
What smaller veins make up the hepatic portal vein?
Splenic vein + superior mesenteric vein
What are the cells in the liver called?
Hepatocytes
What composes a portal triad? (there are multiple portal triads)
Bile duct
Hepatic portal vein
Hepatic artery proper
What two structures bring blood to liver and in what proportions?
Hepatic portal vein (75%)
Hepatic artery proper (25%)
Explain how bile is made and transported
- Bile is made in liver
- Bile then travels along a bile duct
- These bile ducts merge to form the right and left hepatic ducts which leave the liver
- The right and left hepatic ducts merge to form common hepatic duct
- Bile from common hepatic duct goes into cystic duct into gall bladder
- Bile is eventually released in duodenum
What serves the gall bladder in terms of blood supply?
Cystic artery (branch of coeliac trunk)
What artery supplies the pancreas?
Gastroduodenal artery (another offshoot of coeliac trunk)
What artery supplies the spleen?
Splenic artery
What are all the components of the endocrine system?
Pituitary gland (hypophysis)
Pineal gland (epiphysis)
Thyroid gland
Parathyroid gland
Adrenal (suprarenal) gland
Pancreas
Ovaries (in females)
Testes (in males)
Role of hypothalamus in endocrine system and ANS
Controls ANS and pituitary gland
Does this by releasing hormone releasing factors which stimulate hormone release from pituitary gland
Can also release hormone inhibiting factors which inhibit release of hormones
Hormones released by anterior pituitary gland (adenohypophyosis)
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Growth hormone (GH)
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
Luteinising hormone (LH)
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
Prolactin
Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
Hormones released by posterior pituitary gland (neurohyphyosis)
Anti-diuretic hormone
Oxytocin
Role of pineal gland in endocrine system (what does it produce)
Makes melatonin from seratonin which makes you sleepy
Sympathetic stimulation causes minimal melatonin to be made during the day
Role of thyroid gland
The thyroid gland produces T3 and T4 hormones (triiodothyronine and thyroxine). Also produces calcitonin which acts on bones and kidneys to reduce blood calcium levels
Detail the number of parathyroid glands we have and what hormone they secrete
4-6 parathyroid glands.
Produces PTH which acts on bones and kidneys to INCREASE blood calcium levels
What are the two subunits of the adrenal glands (there are two) and what do they secrete
Cortex produces glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids and androgens (note most end in -oids)
Medulla produces adrenaline, also called epinephrine
What hormones does the pancreas produce?
Glucagon and insulin
What hormones do the ovaries produce and in response to what?
Due to production of FSH and LH (follice stimulating, lutanizing), they produce oestrogen and progesterone
What hormones do the testis secrete?
Testosterone
What is the function of the kidneys in the urinary system?
To excrete urine
What is the function of the ureters in urinary system?
Transport urine
What is the function of the urinary bladder in urinary system?
To store urine
What is the function of the urethra in urinary system?
To discharge urine