Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Cardiac > Imaging of pericardium > Flashcards

Imaging of pericardium Flashcards

1
Q

fibrous sac that surrounds the heart which is composed of 2 layers

A

pericardium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

innermost layer pericardium that lines the epicardial surface of the heart

A

visceral pericardium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

visceral pericardium is separated from the outermost portion of the myocardium by a

A

layer of epicardial fat which can vary in thickness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

the parietal pericardium is composed of how many layers

A

2 layers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

secrete a small amount of fluid into the pericardial space to lubricate the cavity and therefore the space normally contains 15 to 35 cc of pericardial fluid

A

mesothelial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

attached to the mesothelial layer of the parietal pericardium and is composed of various layers of collagen and elastic fibers

A

fibrous pericardium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

on ct, the pericardium is best visualized where

A

anterior to the anterior wall of the RV where it is outlined by both epicardial and mediastinal fat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

appears as a thin 1-2 mm thick curvilinear band of soft tissue surrounding the heart which extends superior to inferiorly from the great vessels to diaphragmatic surface respectively

A

pericardium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

pericardial thickness of greater than ___mm in diameter is considered abnormal

A

4 mm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

portion of the visceral pericardium that covers the vessels is arranged in the form of 2 short tubes. one encloses the proximal portions of the ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk and is termed

A

arterial mesocardium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

the other portion of the visceral pericardium encloses the SVC, IVC and four pulmonary veins and is termed

A

venous mesocardium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

this normal arrangement of the visceral pericardium can lead to outpouchings (recesses) or tunnels (sinuses) which often contain pericardial fluid, even in the absence of a pericardial effusion

A

arterial and venous mesocardium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

sinus that is found posterior and superior to the LA. it is contiguous with the subcarinal region and forms a posterior pericardial recess. given its extension into the subcarinal region, it can be mistaken for lymphadenopathy

A

oblique sinus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

lies superior to the LA, posterior to the aorta and MPA, but anterior to the oblique sinus. it communicates with several recesses including the right pulmonic, left pulmonic, superior aortic, and inferior aortic recesses

A

transverse sinus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

these are usually small in size and form the lateral etens of the transverse sinus

A

left and right pulmonary recesses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

3 recesses of the pericardial cavity

A

postcaval recess, left pulmonary vein recess and right pulmonary vein recess

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

blood supply to pericardium

A

thoracic aorta and pericardiophrenic arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

venous drainage of pericardium

A

venae pericardiales which drain to azygos vein, SVC or brachiocephalic veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

innervation of pericardium

A

phrenic nerve although vagal innervation from the esophageal plexus supplies some of the posterior pericardium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

lymphatic drainage of the pericardium

A

tracheobronchial nodes and less frequently toward the prepericardial lymphatic vessels and nodes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

majority of pericardial cysts occur at

A

cardiophrenic angles, on the right greater than the left

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

true or false: pericardial cysts, similar to other mediastinal cysts can contain proteinaeous material or blood products, but should not contain septations and internal enhancement

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

pericardial diverticula often cannot be distinguished from pericardial cysts but can be suspected if there is

A

direct connection of a cyst-like structure to fluid in the pericardial space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

absence of the pericardium or pericardial defects are most commonly

A

post surgical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

pericardial defects can be partial or complete, and are much more common on what side

A

left

26
Q

Pericardial defects can be associated with what congenital anomalies

A

ASD, PDA, bicuspid aortic valve or pulmonary abnormalities

27
Q

Best clue on radiograph is the interposition of lung between the main pulmonary artery and transverse aorta on frontal radiographs in patients with

A

Complete absence of pericardium or larger partial defects

28
Q

Type of pericardial effusion that are common in processes that lead to an increase in right atrial pressure, such as CHF and pulmonary hypertension

A

Transudative effusions

29
Q

Suggests the presence of a pericardial effusion and occurs when pericardial fluid is outlined on both sides lower attenuation mediastinal and epicardial fat

A

Fat pad sign

30
Q

In phase sensitive inversion technique (PSIR), pericardial fluid will appear

A

Very dark, while epicardial fat will appear bright

31
Q

Occurs when the pressure in the pericardial space exceeds of the right ventricle

A

Pericardial tamponade

32
Q

Typical findings of tamponade

A

Moderate to large pericardial collection with compression or flattening of the RA and/or RV free wall

33
Q

Most common cause of tamponade

A

Effusion

34
Q

Large percentage of patients with pericardial inflammation are from what etiology

A

Viral

35
Q

Patients with acute pericarditis experience

A

Sharp chest pain which is usually worse on inspiration and when the patient is supine

36
Q

Thickness of the pericardium in acute pericarditis

A

4 mm

37
Q

Certain etiologies of pericarditis are more likely to lead to chronic fibrous thickening. These conditions include,

A

Relapsing episode of pericarditis such as renal diseas and certain collagen vascular diseases such as RA, SLE and scleroderma, radiation, infection (tuberculosis), and pericardial injury due to surgery or trauma

38
Q

Enhancement of fibrous pericarditis can be obtained up to how many minutes

A

10 minutes

39
Q

Condition in which reduced compliance of the pericardium leads to elevated ventricular diastolic pressures

A

Constrictive pericarditis

40
Q

This condition is secondary to equalization of pressures in all cardiac chambers because the total cardiac volume is determined by scarred and inelastic pericardium

A

Constrictive pericarditis

41
Q

Noncompliant space in tamponade and constrictive pericarditis can lead to

A

Ventricular interdependence, as the increased volume in one ventricle leads to decreased volume in the other ventricle

42
Q

Low cardiac output in constrictive pericarditis particularly affects what side

A

Right

43
Q

In echocardiography, this condition shows equalization of pressures during diastole and the decrease or reversal of blood flow in the hepatic veins during expiration

A

Constrictive pericarditis

44
Q

Pericardial calcification may be evident in what type of pericarditis

A

Constrictive

45
Q

Poor compliance of the pericardium in constrictive pericarditis can change the shape of cardiac chambers as the ventricules may show a

A

Conical appearance

46
Q

Associated findings in constrictive pericarditis as well as tamponade due to elevated right heart pressures

A

Dilation of SVC, azygos vein, ascites, pleural effusions and peripheral edema

47
Q

Ventricular interdependence in constrictive pericarditis can lead to a classic ____ due to early increase in RV pressures which leads to paradoxical leftward motion of the septum in early diastolic filling

A

Septal bounce

48
Q

One of the best methods to make the diagnosis of constrictive pericarditis on MRI is to demonstrate

A

Respiratory variation of the diastolic bounce using free-breathing, nongated cine MRI sequences

49
Q

On expiratory MRI imaging, this feature can help differentiate CP From restrictive cardiomyopathy

A

Positive intrathoracic pressure increases pulmonary return resulting in a normal configuration of the septum of septal bowing to the right. This is not seen in restrictive cardiomyopathy

50
Q

in rare instances, a patient may present with both a large pericardial effusion and a stiff, noncompliant pericardium, leading to both tamponade and constrictive physiologies, respectively. this syndrome is referred to as

A

effusive constrictive pericarditis

51
Q

appears as encapsulated fatty lesion with focal inflammation centered in the juxtapericardial fat

A

epicardial fat necrosis, also called pericardial fat necrosis

52
Q

50% of primary pericardial neoplasms

A

pericardial mesothelioma

53
Q

true or false: unlike pleural mesothelioma, the association between asbestos exposure and pericardial mesothelioma is unclear

A

true

54
Q

demonstrates heterogeneous pericardial effusions and pericardial thickening that early in the disease it may be mistaken for acute or chronic pericarditis

A

pericardial mesothelioma

55
Q

true or false: pericardial mesothelioma has poor prognosis, with few patients survive longer than 12 months after diagnosis

A

true

56
Q

common intrapericardial germ cell tumors that occur in children are

A

benign teratomas

57
Q

malignant pericardial germ cell tumors in children should be considered with a heterogeneous appearance, especially if it is located between the

A

aortic root and LA

58
Q

if fat is present in an intrapericardial tumor, ____ or ____ should be considered

A

teratomas or lipoblastomas

59
Q

appears as localized or serpiginous masses primarily of fluid attenuation on CT

A

lymphangiomas

60
Q

enhancement pattern in pericardial lymphangiomas

A

no internal enhancement, except for the septations

61
Q

enhancement pattern of pericardial hemangiomas

A

nodular enhancement with progressive filling over time

62
Q

most common malignancies to involve the pericardium and can occur through direct invasion or metastatic spread

A

lung cancer, breast cancer, lymphoma, melanoma and renal cell ca

Cardiac (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions