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Cardio 3 > Imaging of circulatory diseases > Flashcards

Imaging of circulatory diseases Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomical vs functional imaging

A

Anatomical shows structure, functional shows movement/flow etc.

Eg  Anatomical:
Plain radiographs
catheter angiography
Ultrasound
Ct/mri

Functional:
Radionuclide imaging
Mri functional imaging
ultrasound

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2
Q

What does a doppler scan do?

A

Tells you about flow through vessle and which directio in relation to the scanner (towards or away)

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3
Q

What is a MRA?

A

A contrast MRI (MR Angiography)

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4
Q

What is catherter angiography?

A

VESSEL PUNCTURED AND CATHETERISED.
STERILE PROCEDURE
CONTRAST INJECTED USING PUMP INJECTOR
RAPID SERIES OF IMAGE ACQUISITION

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5
Q

What can we tell from a lung scintigraphy?

A

Ventilation/perfussion ratio, it is a type of nuclear imaging.

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6
Q

What do you ask when looking at a scan?

A 
Remember ABLF
Anatomy
Blockages
Leaks
Flxable?
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7
Q

What colour is thrombus on ct?

A

Grey, like other body matter, flow of blood (white) will stop.

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8
Q

How much per min of leak to see?

A

2-3 ml per mins to see it on a scan. Also have to remember that if a small leak can stop leaking for scan and then start agai after- it is only a snapshot.

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9
Q

Is it easy to differentiate acute and chronic thrombosis blockages on CT scans?

A

No

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10
Q

Urinary tract and arterial cacifications would be looked at with or without contrast CT ?

A

Without contrast- the calcifications come up white and with contrast would merge into the same as the blood in the vessles.

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11
Q

When is the Arterial/venous/nephrogenic/delayed phases of contrast CT

A

Arterial phase is within first minute (15-40s)
Venous - 70-80s
Nephrogenic = 100s
Delayed phase - shows fibrous tissue as doesn’t leave as easily, 6-10 minutes post injection.

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12
Q

Ideal properties of man mdae contrast agents

A

HAS AN ATTENUATION COMPARABLE TO SURROUNDING SOFT TISSUES.
INEXPENSIVE
INERT
EQUAL DISTRIBUTION IN AND OUT OF SELECTED BODY COMPARTMENTS
PAINLESS
EASE OF USE

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13
Q

Most common tcontrast used? isks with this contrast

A

Iodinated contrast:

Kidneys! (renal disfunction)

MAJOR ALLERGIC REACTIONS
RENAL DYSFUNCTION
DISTURBANCE OF THRYOID METABOLISM
DISTURBANCE OF CLOTTING MECHANISM
SEIZURES
PULMONARY OEDEMA
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14
Q

What ato consider before using contrast?

A

ANY PREVIOUS CONTRAST ALLERGIES.
ASTHMA/ATOPY (both make more likely to have a reaction to the contrast agent)
POOR RENAL FUNCTION - will make worse
METFORMIN - a drug used on diabetes - clashes with iodinated agents, causes renal failure and lactic acidosis, withhold dose after contrast agent for 1-2 days

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15
Q

Contrast reactions commonly are what and what is the treatment?

A 
Dose-related / chemo-toxic
Nausea 
Itching
Flushing
(Seizures, arrhythmias)
Management is usually supportive, if mild

Can be allergic reactions (Anaphylaxis / anaphylactoid (IgE / non-IgE mediated):
- Hypotension
- Pulmonary oedema
- Bronchospasm
- Convulsions
, treated with antihistamines or salbutamol if less severe otherwise as per anaphylaxis guidelines

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16
Q

What is the piezoelectric crystal? What is B mode?

A

It is the part of an ultrasound that is the transmitter and receiver, transmits the ultrasound waves and receives them and translates (turns back into electricity so they can be converted into a picture.

B mode is Brightness/2D mode, scans an anatomical plane, anatomical representation of structures.

17
Q

M mode?

A

Motion mode, less commonly used, asses heart valve movement and heart chamber dimensions and functions.

18
Q

What is Doppler used to show?

A

The direction and velocity of blood flow.

19
Q

Red =? Blue =? Doppler uses mainly?

A

Red is away, blue is towards. Used a lot foe dtection of DVT.

20
Q

What is Ultrasound contrast used for?

A

Characterising lesions (dynamic uptake pattern)
Assessment of organ perfusion (eg. Liver cirrhosis)
Delineating organ edge (eg. For irregularity of heart valves)
Alternative to CT/MRI if unable to tolerate/allergic to other forms of contrast.

Shows a much clearer image.

21
Q

What are the pros of spiral ct? (360 CT)

A

Speedy, can do patient in one breath (less motion artefact and able to get through more patients) . Potentially lower radiation dose. Better coordination with IV contrast (more specific to the time you want to capture). Also can get multiplanar image reconstruction.

22
Q

What does Houndsfield unit represent?

A

Represents the density of a specific material on a CT.

air = -1000, water is 0, bone is +1000.

HU is proportional to water/air x 1000

23
Q

Hounsfield 0 = ? 1000? -1000?

A

0=water
1000 = bone
-1000=air

24
Q

What is windowing? eg sort tissue window?

A

it is capturing within set ranges of hounsfield units (eg +200 to -200) to help amplify the contrast in soft tissue structures (fat = -60 to -120, soft tissue is +20 to +70)

Cardio 3 (5 decks)

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