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Imaging Applications Year 2 > Imaging Applications Test 1 > Flashcards

Imaging Applications Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

True or False: 1. Stochastic effects are usually associated with high dose radiation levels of exposure resulting in cell mutation of death and/or degenerative changes in the tissues exposed

A

False.

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2
Q

What are the two filters in a TLD badge?

A
  • Aluminium and Plastic
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3
Q

What is the equivalent dose that the hands and feet are allowed to receive in one year for radiation personnel?

A

500mSv

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4
Q

What are some types of radiation personnel monitoring badges/devices that may be used to monitor workers radiation exposure?

A
  1. Thermoluminecent dosimeter
  2. Optically Stimulated Luminescence
  3. Pocket Dosimeter
  4. Direct Ion Stimulated dose meter
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5
Q

ESR’s Personnel Dosimetry Services term Hp(10) can not be used to measure:

A

An equivalent dose of 500mSv - thats HP(07)

HP(10) measures extremities (500mSv), lens of the eye (150mSv), and Whole body dose (20mSv avraged over 5 years)

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6
Q

The radiation protection regulations 1982 state that in most cases the longest a badge can be issued for it?

A

3 months

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7
Q

The filters on the TLD badge assist in determining the type of radiation that caused the exposure. What does a recording under the aluminium filter indicate?

A

Indicates shorter/higher energy x-rays. It will also tell you the radiation dose received to the whole body barring the skin.

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8
Q

What are some disadvantages for the use of TLD badges for personnel monitoring?

A
  1. Non-immediate reading/results
  2. can only be used once
  3. Specialist equipment needed to get a reading
  4. Can only read x-ray’s coming from the front of the badge
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9
Q

What are some advantages for the TLD badges for personnel monitoring?

A
  1. Small and Light Weight
  2. Cheap
  3. Robust
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10
Q

What is Stochastic Effects

A

A random effect caused by low dose radiation exposure

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11
Q

The effects of ionising radiation on humans and other living tissue is the result of interactions at the ________ level

A

Atomic

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12
Q

How would you express what is the lethal dose that would kill fifty percent of the exposed population in thirty days?

A

LD50/30

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13
Q

What does LD50/30 mean?

A

The lethal dose that would kill fifty percent of the exposed population in thirty days

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14
Q

What is a deterministic effect of radiation?

A

Related directly to a high dose of radiation

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15
Q

What is an example of stochastic effect

A

Radiation induced leukaemia

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16
Q

What is the principle effect behind the ALARA principle is

A

Stochastic

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17
Q

What is a Genetic effect?

A

Effects appear in the offspring of an individual who received the agent and the agent was encountered preconception

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18
Q

What is a Somatic effect?

A

The effects appear in the exposed individual

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19
Q

What is a Teratogenic effect?

A

effects appear in the offspring of an individual who received the agent and the agent was encountered during the gestational period

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20
Q

Lithium Fluoride (LiF) chips used in TLD badges can be read by exposing them to:

A

Heat.

When its exposed to heat it EMITS light - The amount of light emitted is proportional to the amount of radiation that the disc absorbed

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21
Q

TLD personnel monitors use lithium fluoride (LiF) crystals. Why?

A

LiF has a z number close to that of tissue

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22
Q

A general MRT rostered to fluoroscopy for the day should generally wear?

A

one TLD badge at waist height, under the lead apron

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23
Q

Non-Radiation Personnel:

“An equivalent dose to the skin of ___ mSv over any 1cm2, regardless of the total area exposed, in any one year”

A

50mSv

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24
Q

Non-Radiation Personnel:

“An effective dose of ___ mSv in any one year”

A

1mSv

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25
Q

Non-Radiation Personnel:

“An equivalent dose of ____ mSv to the lens of either eye in any one year”

A

15mSv

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26
Q

As per radiation protect regulations 1982, it is compulsory to monitor staff if they should receive in any period of one year a dose equivalent to, or exceeding ______ of the reference dose

A

0.3mSv

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27
Q

What dose CSP5 state in regards to Radiation Personnel who declare themselves pregnant?

A

For women for declare themselves pregnant, a dose of 2mSv at the surface of the abdomen over the remainder of the pregnancy

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28
Q

What is the lead equivalence minimum thickness of a gown used to cover a pregnant patient?

A

0.50mm

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29
Q

CSP 5 states that “where the foetus has been irradiated in the course of an x-ray examination of the mother, and dose to the foetus may exceed 5mSv, a ______ shall estimate the dose involved and shall advise on the ensuring radiation risk”?

A

Qualified health physicist

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30
Q

CSP 5 states that “it should be assumed that a women is _______ if she has clearly missed her most recent expected menstruations”?

A

Pregnant

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31
Q

What are the conditions of people holding patient or IR?

A
  1. Must be over 18
  2. Members of the public are most preferred
  3. Non-radiation personnel are next preferred
  4. Radiation personnel can hold but are the least preferred.
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32
Q

According to CSP5, who cannot hold a patient or IR?

A
  1. The same person each time
  2. Pregnant Personnel
  3. Personnel under the age of 18
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33
Q

What is the most correct process to follow when performing a radiological exam on a heavily pregnant patient (37/40) to investigate if the patient hurt her right wrist after a fall?

A

Use an apron of .50mm lead equivalence to cover the patients abdomen

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34
Q

A pregnant patient is brought in to the emergency department with a compound fracture to her left femur after being involved in a car accident. She is to be sent to CT and then straight in to theatre to control the bleeding and operate on the fracture. Who would approve the CT?

A

Radiologist

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35
Q

According to target theory, cell death will only occur if the target molecule is inactivated. What is the target molecule?

A

DNA

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36
Q

During the pre-implantation stage of the developing embryo the most significant risk is?

A

Prenatal death

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37
Q

What are some examples of deterministic effects?

A
  1. Neurovascular Syndrome
  2. Cateracts
  3. Acute radiation sickness
38
Q

The ionisation of DNA is a result of what type of interactioin?

A

Direct

39
Q

The ionisation of water molecules can lead to the creation of?

A

Free Radicals

40
Q

What is the most sensitive stage of a cell for radiation damage?

A

M-stage

41
Q

The least sensitive stage of a cell for radiation damage is

A

S- stage

42
Q

What are the relative radiation sensitivity of the following:

  • Lymphocytes
  • Nerve
  • Reproductive
A
  • Lymphocytes: High
  • Reproductive: Medium
  • Nerve: Low
43
Q

What are some types of DNA mutations?

A
  1. Mainchain scission
  2. Cross-Linking
  3. Point Lesion
44
Q

When is Radiation-induced damage in tissue the greatest?

A

Is greater in the presence of oxygen

45
Q

The relacement of damaged cells in an organ with fibrotic scar tissue which comprisesthe function of the organ is an example of:

A

Repair

46
Q

What are the five R’s principles of fractionation that is used in radiation therapy?

A
  1. Repair
  2. Redistribution
  3. Reoxygenation
  4. Repopulation
  5. Radiosensitivity
47
Q

The exposure of high doses of radiation over brief intervals of time produces _____ effects?

A

Acute

48
Q

The LD50/60 for humans is approximately?

A

3-5mSv

49
Q

The LD50/60 for humans wuth sensitive medical care may be as high as?

A

6-8mSv

50
Q

The average annual MRT occupational exposure is:

A

0.5mSv

51
Q

What is the annual background radiation in NZ averages?

A

2mSv

52
Q

Define Latent

A

Like an incubation period where initial symptoms subside

53
Q

Define Manifest Illness

A

Abrupt onset of moderate to severe symptoms relevant to the underlying organ system damage

54
Q

Define Prodromal

A

Initial symptoms that can begin minutes to hours after exposure

55
Q

Define Recovery

A

Stage that may take weeks to months

56
Q

CSP5 calls for signs to be displayed in the public area of an imaging department, including in the changing rooms, saying what?

A

To inform the MRT, nurse or doctor if you are pregnant

57
Q

At what stage of embryonic development does radiation have an “all or nothing” effect?

A

Pre-implantation stage

58
Q

What stage of embryonic development is there the highest risk from radiation exposure?

A

Pre-implantation

59
Q

What is the lethal dose limit for the pre-implantation stage of pregnancy?

A

0.05-1 Gy

60
Q

What is the lethal dose for the organogenesis stage of pregnancy?

A

1.5Gy

61
Q

What is the lethal dose for the foetal stage of pregnancy?

A

2-3 Gy

62
Q

What is the maximum latency time period that research indicates it may take for a solid radiation induced cancer to become apparent?

A

80 Years

63
Q

In Sieverts, what is the threshold for radiation induced cancers?

A

Anything above 0 mSv

64
Q

If a chest/abdomen/pelvis CT delivers 5.5mSv of ionising radiation, this is equivalent to how many months of background radiation?

A

33 months

65
Q

If radiation exposure of the developing embryo occurs during the foetal stage, growth retardation is likely to only be temporary?

True/False

A

False

66
Q

At 2.5mSv, an AP lumbar radiograph is equivalent to how many months of background radiation?

A

a. 15 months

67
Q

Mental Retardation is a result of..

A

Deterministic Effect

68
Q

During the pre-implantation stage of the developing embryo the most significant risk is?

A

a. Prenatal death

69
Q

What is fractionation?

A

Technique of giving small doses regularly for radiotherapy

70
Q

Which statement best described haemopoietic syndrome?

A

Radiation effects related to blood forming tissues, normally indicated by change in blood cell counts

71
Q

Describe what a point lesion DNA mutation is?

A

A disruption of a single chemical bond which is not detectable but can cause malformation within the cell

72
Q

The most radiation sensitive cells in the body are those that are:

A

Have a high division rate

73
Q

What does the term LET- linear energy transfer mean?

A

Measure of the rate at which energy is transformed from ionising radiation to tissue

74
Q

What cells is least sensitive to the effects of ionising radiation?

A

Nerves

75
Q

What are are carcinogenic agents?

A

Radiation, Pesticides, Viruses

76
Q

During pregnancy, the most sensitive time to radiation exposure of the foetus is?

A

Conception to 7 weeks

77
Q

he main type of cancer observed in the radium clock/watch painters was?

A

Bone

78
Q

Radiation expressed as 50/10^6/10mSv means?

A

50 deaths per million per 10 millisieverts

79
Q

What is Radiation?

A

Emission or transmission of energy in the form of waves or particles through space or a material medium

80
Q

Which type of cancer accounts for about half of all childhood cancers?

A

Leukemia

81
Q

List four studies that our knowledge about the effects of radiation come from?

A
  • Chernybol
  • Fukushima
  • Radium Girls
  • Japan A bomb Survivours
82
Q

Give two examples of practical steps that a pregnant MRT can take to minimise radiation dose to themselves and the foetus?

A
  • Approach the boss early

- Avoid theater, fluro etc

83
Q
  1. List three steps or special attentions that an MRT can take when performing an x-ray on a pregnant patient?
A
  • Tight collimation
  • High kVp technique
    Reduce views by talking to the radiologists
84
Q

At 75kVp, a lead apron of 0.5mm lead equivalence, provides ______ attenuation of the x-ray beam?

A

90%

85
Q

The waiting area in a department for pregnant patients waiting to receive an ultrasound should not also be shared with patients awaiting for what other type of imaging?

A

Nuclear Medicine

86
Q

The dosimetry reporting produced by ESR’s personnel Dosimetry Service is quoted in?

A

mSv

87
Q

Optically stimulated luminescence uses ______ to obtain the measurement of radiation exposure

A

Laser

88
Q

What is an example of a stochastic effect?

A

Radiation induced leukaemia- stocastic effect

89
Q

Name some advantages and disadvantages of TLD Badges and OLD

A

Advantages:

  1. Lightweight
  2. Cheap
  3. Robust
  4. Can just be mailed to centres
  5. Reusable

Disadvantages:

  1. Long delays between incident and results
  2. Requires specialist equipment to read
  3. The evidence is destroyed when disk or chip is progressed
90
Q

Name some advantages and disadvantages of pocket dosimetry

A

Advantages:
Results are quick but not instant

Disadvantages:

  1. Cost
  2. Fragile
  3. Results are not recorded as part of the reading process
91
Q

Name some advantages and disadvantages of Direct Ion Storage Dosimeters

A

Advantages:

  1. Uses an ionisation chamber to produce instant results
  2. Electronic warining if dose exceeds limit
  3. USB version has memory and uploads automatically in connection to a computer

Disadvantages:

  1. Cost
  2. Instrument strong but not indestructible
  3. If older LCD model, manual recording of dose is required.

Imaging Applications Year 2 (3 decks)

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