imaging Flashcards
Medical Imaging
Field involving creation of images for diagnosis.
Analog Images
Images produced using film-based methods.
Digital Images
Images acquired electronically for storage and manipulation.
Image Receptor
Device capturing the image in imaging systems.
Conventional Radiographic Imaging
Film-based imaging method using intensifying screens.
Processed Film
Chemically treated film resulting in a hard copy.
Hard Copy Image
Physical print of an image for viewing.
Soft Copy Viewing
Viewing images on a computer monitor.
Computed Tomography (CT)
Imaging technique using computer-processed combinations.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Imaging technique using magnetic fields and radio waves.
Nuclear Medicine
Medical specialty using radioactive substances for diagnosis.
Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT)
Nuclear imaging technique providing 3D images.
Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
Imaging test using radioactive tracers for metabolic activity.
Ultrasound (US)
Imaging technique using sound waves to visualize structures.
Computed Radiography (CR)
Digital imaging using photostimulable phosphor plates.
Direct Digital Radiography (DDR)
Digital imaging using flat-panel detectors.
Picture Archiving and Communication System (PACS)
System for storing and sharing medical images electronically.
Microcomputer
Small computer with a single microprocessor.
Minicomputer
Mid-sized computer with multiple microprocessors.
Mainframe Computer
Large computer handling vast amounts of data.
Supercomputer
Extremely powerful computer for complex calculations.
Computer Architecture
Structure and organization of computer hardware and software.
Hardware
Physical components of a computer system.
Input Devices
Hardware providing data and control signals to computers.
Output Devices
Hardware converting information into human-readable form.
Software
Programs instructing hardware on data manipulation.
Source Data Entry Devices
Convert data into a computer-understandable language.
Keyboards
Input device for typing text and commands.
Mouse
Pointing device for navigating graphical interfaces.
Microphones
Input device capturing audio signals.
Bar Code Readers
Devices scanning and interpreting barcodes.
Touch Screens
Displays responding to touch for input.
Image Scanners
Devices converting physical images to digital format.
Monitors
Output devices displaying visual information.
Cathode Ray Tube (CRT)
Old monitor technology using electron beams.
Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)
Flat-panel display technology using liquid crystals.
Organic Light Emitting Diode (OLED)
Display technology using organic compounds for light.
Plasma Screen
Flat panel display using ionized gas.
Speakers
Output devices converting audio signals to sound.
Printers
Devices producing physical copies of digital documents.
Plotters
Output devices for printing vector graphics.
Projectors
Devices displaying visual content on large surfaces.
Earphones
Small speakers worn on or in the ears.
Motherboard
Main circuit board connecting all computer components.
Transistor
Electronic switch controlling signal flow in circuits.
Silicon
Semiconductor material used in electronic devices.
Integrated Circuits (ICs)
Miniaturized electronic circuits in a single package.
Large Scale Integration (LSI)
Integration of thousands of transistors on a chip.
Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI)
Integration of millions of transistors on a chip.
Integrated Circuit
A silicon chip containing multiple electronic elements.
Miniaturization
Development of smaller transistors for integrated circuits.
Transistor
Basic building block of microprocessors and circuits.
CPU
Central processing unit; computer’s brain on motherboard.
Microprocessor
Single integrated circuit CPU in microcomputers.
Instruction Execution
Process of interpreting and carrying out commands.
Data Manipulation
Changing data within the CPU’s processing tasks.
ALU
Arithmetic Logic Unit; performs calculations and logic.
Arithmetic Operations
Basic math functions: add, subtract, multiply, divide.
Boolean Logic
Logical operations using AND, OR, NOT, etc.
CU
Control Unit; coordinates CPU functions and data flow.
Memory Unit
Holds information; includes RAM and ROM.
RAM
Main memory; volatile storage for active data.
Volatile Memory
Memory that loses data when power is off.
Clock Speed
Speed of CPU instruction execution, measured in Hz.
Hertz (Hz)
Unit of frequency; cycles per second.
Megahertz (MHz)
One million hertz; CPU speed measurement.
Gigahertz (GHz)
One billion hertz; high-speed CPU measurement.
MIPS
Millions of instructions per second; CPU performance metric.
Bus
Wired pathways for data transfer in computers.
Data Pathways
Connections between CPU, memory, and I/O components.
Random Access
Data can be accessed in any order efficiently.
RAM
Active storage for currently processed information.
Active Storage
Memory that holds data in use.
RAM Capacity
Affects processing speed and efficiency.
MB
Megabyte, approximately 1 million bytes.
GB
Gigabyte, approximately 1 billion bytes.
TB
Terabyte, approximately 1 thousand billion bytes.
CMOS Technology
Manufacturing technology for RAM.
DRAM
Dynamic RAM, needs constant refreshing.
SRAM
Static RAM, faster and more expensive.
ROM
Non-volatile memory for permanent data storage.
Firmware
Unchangeable software stored in ROM.
Bootstrap
Initial program to start the computer.
BIOS
Basic Input/Output System for diagnostics.
Non-volatile Memory
Memory that retains data without power.
Secondary Memory
Archival storage for long-term data retention.
File
Collection of data treated as a unit.
Program Files
Contain software instructions.
Image Files
Contain digital images.
Audio Files
Contain digitized sound.
Video Files
Contain digitized video.
Bit
Smallest data unit, 0 or 1.
Byte
Group of 8 bits.
Word
16 bits or 2 bytes.
Kilobyte (KB)
1024 bytes.
Optical Storage
Includes CDs, DVDs, and Blu-ray discs.
Magnetic Storage
Includes hard disk drives.
Solid State Drive
Faster storage with no moving parts.
Compact Disc (CD)
Optical disc for storing digital data.
Digital Video Disc (DVD)
Higher capacity optical disc than CD.
CD-ROM/DVD-ROM
Read-only memory format for CDs and DVDs.
CD-R/DVD-R
Write once, read many format for discs.
CD-RW/DVD-RW
Rewritable discs for multiple data writes.
Flash Drive
Portable solid-state storage device via USB.
Solid State Technology
Data storage using flash memory chips.
RAID
Redundant array of independent disks for data reliability.
Jukebox
CD-ROM drive handling multiple discs simultaneously.
Ports
Connectors for peripherals on a computer.
Serial Ports
Connects devices, sending 1 bit at a time.
Parallel Ports
Sends 8 bits of data simultaneously.
USB Ports
Versatile ports for connecting various devices.
Computer Software
Programs instructing hardware on data manipulation.
System Software
Programs enabling user operation of a computer.
Operating System
System software managing computer hardware resources.
Application Programs
Software for specific user tasks and functions.
Windows
Popular operating system by Microsoft.
Linux
Open-source operating system known for flexibility.
Macintosh OS
Operating system for Apple computers.
Android
Operating system for mobile devices by Google.
Application Software Examples
Includes Word, Excel, Photoshop, and PDF.
Algorithm
Step-by-step instructions for solving problems.
Digital Imaging Algorithms
Mathematical functions applied to raw image data.
Computer Program
Collection of algorithms for specific applications.
FORTRAN
Formula Translation programming language.
Visual Basic
Event-driven programming language from Microsoft.
Java
Object-oriented programming language for cross-platform applications.
COBOL
Common Business Oriented Language for business applications.
Pascal
Procedural programming language for teaching programming.
C
General-purpose programming language for system programming.
C++
Extension of C with object-oriented features.
Binary Language
Data representation using 0s and 1s.
Encoding
Translating characters to binary digits.
Binary Code
Computer language based on on/off states.
Transistor Switching
On/off action representing binary data.
Binary Number System
Counting system using only 0 and 1.
Decimal System
Counting system using digits 0 to 9.
Number Systems
Different bases for representing numbers.
Base 10
Decimal system using ten digits.
Base 2
Binary system using two digits.
Conversion to Base 2
Process of changing decimal to binary.
Binary Representation of 20
20 in binary is 10100.
Binary Representation of 16
16 in binary is 10000.
Binary Number
A number represented in base 2.
Decimal Number
A number represented in base 10.
ASCII
Character encoding standard for text data.
Input
Data entry using hardware devices like keyboard.
Processing
Using CPU to convert data into information.
Storage
Permanently or temporarily saving information.
Output
Displaying results of computer processing.
Communications
Sharing data and output information.
Analog Data
Data with continuous values without limitations.
Digital Data
Data represented in discrete, finite values.
Binary Code
Computer language based on 0’s and 1’s.
Data Translation
Converting all data forms into binary.
Alphanumeric Characters
Letters and numbers encoded in binary form.
Continuous Format
Representation allowing any value, including decimals.
Discrete Format
Representation using finite values or integers.
Signal Data
Information represented in analog or digital form.
CPU
Central Processing Unit, processes computer data.
Hardware Devices
Physical components used for data input/output.
Data Entry
Inputting data into a computer system.
Computer Operations
Fundamental tasks performed by computers.
Image Diagnosis
Using processed images for medical evaluation.
Rounded Off Values
Digital data approximated to finite decimal places.
Analog Signal
Continuous signal representing varying physical quantities.
Digitization
Converting analog signals into discrete numerical values.
Sampling Frequency
Rate of sampling an analog signal for digitization.
Image Receptor
Device capturing X-ray signals for image formation.
Analog Format
Representation of image as a continuous density spectrum.
Digital Image
Image formed from multiple samplings of signals.
Signal Points
Specific locations of electrical impulses or light photons.
Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC)
Device converting analog signals to digital format.
Digital-to-Analog Conversion
Process of converting digital signals back to analog.
Digital-to-Analog Converter (DAC)
Device transforming digital signals for monitor display.
Continuous Density Spectrum
Range of intensities represented in an analog image.
Image Information
Data carried by analog signals from image receptors.
X-ray Exposure
Process where X-rays strike the image receptor.
Discrete Values
Quantized representations of continuous analog measurements.
Electrical Signals
Signals generated by electrical impulses in imaging.
Light Photons
Particles of light contributing to image formation.
Human Vision
Perception of the world primarily through analog signals.
Processed Digital Signal
Digital representation of image after processing.
Monitor Display
Visual output device for processed image signals.
Image Shades of Grey
Variations in brightness displayed on a monitor.
Multiple Samplings
Taking several measurements to create a digital image.
