Imaging Flashcards
What are the causes of diffuse airspace disease?
Blood Pus Water Cells (malignancy, Eosinophilic PNA, OP) Other (PAP, Lipoid PNA
What are the causes of Linear or septal opacifications?
Pulmonary edema
Lymphangitic Carcinomatosis
Chronic or Recurrent pulmonary Hemorrhage
Pulmonary fibrosis
What are the causes of reticular patterns?
UIP
NSIP
ARDS
Cystic lung disease (PLCH, LAM, LIP, Birt-Hogg-Dube, cystic bronchiectasis)
What are the causes of nodular patterns?
NICO
Neoplastic
- Malignant - Bronchogenic carcinoma, Metastasis (thyroid, melanoma) Lymphoma, Carcinoid
Inflammatory
- infectious - TB, NTM, Fungal, viral (vzv)
- Granuloma - TB, NTM, Fungal infection, Sarcoid, ANCA, HP, Pneumoconiosis
- Lung abscess
- Rheumatoid nodule
Congenital
- AV malformation
- Lung cyst
Other
- Mucoid impaction
- Intrapulmonary LN
- Amyloidosis
What are the causes of a Solitary pulmonary nodule?
Malignancy (lung carcinoma, lymphoma, metastatic disease, sarcoma)
Infection (Aspergillosis, PNA, Granulomatous infection - TB MAC, cryto, histo, coccidiodies, lung abscess)
Inflammatory (EGPA, GPA, RA, Sarcoid)
Idiopathic/Misc (rounded atelectasis, amyloid)
Vascular lesion (infarct, septic emboli, pulmonary artery aneurysm, pulmonary vein varix)
Airways (mucoid impaction, lipoid pneumonia)
Congenital (AV fistula, bronchogenic cyst, intrapulmonary LN)
What are the causes of a Chronic Consolidation?
TBBAALLLS TB BOOP (OP) BAC (Bronchoalveolar carcinoma) Alveolar proteinosis ANCA Lipoid PNA Lymphoma LIP Sarcoidosis
SPACE-V
Sarcoidosis
Pneumonia (TB/Atypical, Organizing, Lipoid)
Atelectasis (rounded)/ Alveolar proteinosis
Cancer (adeno/lymphoma)
Eosinophilic pneumonia
Vasculitis
What are the causes of Crazy Paving?
Acute lung injury (ARDS/AIP_ Edema Infection (Viral, PJP) OP Hemorrhage PAP Lipoid PNA Drug/Radiation Eosinophilic PNA
What are the causes of Upper lobe ILD?
HASTEN
HP Ank Spond Sarcoidosis/Silicosis TB EGPA Neurofibroma
What are the causes of Lower lobe ILD?
BAD RASH
Bleomycin Amiodarone Drugs RA Asbestosis Scleroderma Hamman-Rich Syndrome
What are the Eosinophilic lung diseases?
Idiopathic (Simple pulmonary eosinophilia or Loftlers syndrome, Acute and Chronic eosinophilic pneumonia, Idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome)
Eosinophilc Lung Disease with Angitiis (EGPA, GPA, PAN, Collagen vascular disease)
Eosinophilic Lung Disease with a known cause (Drugs, parasitic infection, fungi, bronchocentric granulomatosis)
What are the causes of peripheral GGO?
COP
Chronic eosinophilic PNA
Acute eosinophilic PNA
What are the causes of a necrotizing pneumonia?
Typicals/Atypicals (Strep, staph, klebsiella)
Mycobacterium (TB, MAC)
Nocardia
Histo, Crypto, Blasto
What are the causes of Fibrotic Lung disease?
UIP
Fibrotic NSIP
Fibrotic HP
Sarcoidosis
What are the categories of Cystic lung disease?
Primary and acquired
What are Primary Cystic Lung diseases?
Cysts are a primary features PLCH LAM LIP DIP Birt-Hogg-Dube Sjogrens
What are the Acquired Cystic Lung diseases?
Cysts are a secondary feature of a primary disease UIP PJP Sarcoidosis Light Chain Deposition Disease Amyloidosis
What are the 3 types of bronchiectasis?
Cylindrical (50%) - Signet ring sign, tram tracking
Cystic (40%) - “Bunch of grapes” appearance. Saccular dilation of bronchi that extend to the pleural surface.
Varicose (10%) - Intermittent dilated and narrowing of airway
May have multiple types (25%)
What are the etiologies of bronchiectasis?
Idiopathic Post-infectious (bacterial PNA, TB, MAC) Autoimmune/CTD ABPA CF Primary ciliary dyskinesia Humoral immunodeficiency (low immunoglobulins) Aspiration Alpha 1 AT deficiency
What are risk factors for Primary spontaneous PTX?
Smoking
Family history
Marfans
Thoracic endometriosis
What are the risk factors for Secondary spontaneous PTX?
COPD
TB
CF
PCP
What is the differential for hemoptysis?
Infection/airways - Bronchitis, TB, bronchiectasis, aspergilloma
Malignancy - Carcinoid, NSCLC, SCLC
CTD - anti GBM, GPA, SLE
Drugs - Cocaine, A/C
Vascular - AVM, Bronchial artery aneurysm, PE
What are the characteristics of airspace disease?
Fluffy opacification without clear margins
Air bronchograms
Silhouette sign
What are the 7 patterns on CT Chest?
Honeycomb Cystic Nodular Ground glass Mosaic Tree-in-bud Septal thickening
What are the causes of Honeycombing?
IPF
Asbestosis
CTD
Drugs
If upper lobe - Fibrotic HP, Sarcoidosis, Pneumoconiosis
What are the causes of Cystic disease?
PLCH - In smokers, upper lobe predominant, has bizarre cysts with thicker walls as well as nodules.
LAM - Normal round cyst, normal parenchyma, upper, mid and lower lung zones, young women. Often chylous effusions.
LIP - Lower lung predominant
CTD
PCP - Diffuse ground glass, irregular cysts (actually expanding pneumatoceles), vary in size, number and wall thickness, often multiloculated
Emphysema (look-alike)
How do you differentiate emphysema from cysts?
Emphysema has no full wall and central dot
What are the 4 patterns of nodularity on CT?
Perilymphatic
Random
Centrilobular
Bronchovascular
What is the perilymphatic pattern?
Nodules with preference for pleura, fissures and bronchovascular bundle
What are the causes of perilymphatic distribution?
Sarcoidosis
What are the causes for random nodules?
Silicosis, coal workers pneumoconiosis
TB/Fungal
Metastasis - colon, melanoma
What are the causes for centrilobular nodularity?
Tend to be less dense
HP
Bronchiolitis
What are the causes for bronchovascular nodularity
Lymphoproliferative disorders Lymphangitic carcinomatosis Sarcoidosis Organizing pneumonia Infectious pneumonia
What are the causes of Ground Glass?
Pus - viral, atypical, PJP Blood - Hemorrhage Cells - Adenocarcinoma Water - Edema Other - OP, PAP, NSIP, DIP
What are the causes of Mosaic Pattern?
Infiltration disease (multifocal pneumonia, though other causes of GGO are possible)
Small airways disease (asthma, HP, Bronchiolitis)
Pulmonary vascular disease
What causes Tree-in-Bud pattern?
Infection (TB, MAC, Bacterial)
ABPA (finge in glove)
CF
Aspiration
Bronchiolitis
What are the causes of interlobular septal thickening?
Smooth - Edema/infectious/Sarcoidosis
Nodular - Lymphangitic carcinomatosis/sarcoidosis
