Imagination

Question 1

What is the path of imagination (perception path) in the brain?

Answer 1

Object- see the object- neural activity- imagine/perceive object

Question 2

How does neural representation of an object work when its gone (imagination)?

Answer 2

The same neurons that are activated by the actual stimulus are activated during imagination, only to a slightly lesser extent.

Question 3

What is imagination for?

Answer 3

supports learning through mental practice (mimics actual experiences)
allows “mental time travel” that is important for decision making and planning (supports behavior to plan, reflect)

Question 4

what did Dr Alvaro Pascual Leone do for the field?

Answer 4

transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to produce brain maps in patients
uses the maps to study the brain and probe imagination and plasticity

Question 5

What did Wilder Penfield do for the field?

Answer 5

mapped sensory and motor areas of patients
discovered that the brain is topographically organized (homunculus)

Question 6

What is TMS?

Answer 6

A very brief magnetic field is generated which penetrates the skull to induce electrical activity in the brain.
used to excite or inhibit neurons

Question 7

What is repetitive TMS (rTMS)?

Answer 7

produces long lasting effects by inducing plasticity
due to inhibition or excitation of neurons
used as therapies for depression, etc

Question 8

What are TMS treatments for?

Answer 8

stroke, ALS, multiple sclerosis, motor disorders

Question 9

What are rTMS treatments for?

Answer 9

ocd, migraines, tinnitus, depression, stroke, parkinsons

Question 10

What are the downfalls of tms? (side effects)

Answer 10

could cause seizures, hearing loss, headaches and unpleasant sensations

Question 11

Can the visual cortex of blind individuals get repurposed?

Answer 11

yes, the other senses take over that space of the brain so it isn’t wasted

Question 12

how did the braille experiment work

Answer 12

when the visual cortex was stimulated, parts of the fingers used to read braille lit up
low frequency tms inhibited, high frequency improved
blindfolded individuals read braille better than normal people because the visual cortex was stimulated

Question 13

how did the piano experiment work

Answer 13

the group that practiced piano physically improved the most but the group that imagined practicing improved too. after the imagined group got physical practice they performed the same

Question 14

How does thought technology help people who can’t walk?

Answer 14

the brain patterns for different movements were measured and now by using your mind you can be able to do things

Question 15

What are the 3 steps in the neural interface system?

Answer 15

measure neural signals for movement
use computer to decode
use the code to use a device

Question 16

What is vicarious trial and error? (vte)

Answer 16

pausing and looking back and forth at a choice point (rat experiement)

Question 17

What was the rat maze experiment about?

Answer 17

when the rats were moving in the maze, they stopped and thought before making a decision.
can think about possible future outcomes and map what neurons are firing in the brain at that time

Question 18

What does the hippocampus do?

Answer 18

cognitive map of space
damage results in deficits in episodic memory and spacial navigation

Question 19

What did dr john o’keefe do for the field?

Answer 19

discovered that the pattern of hippocampal neuron firing is directly related to your location in space

“place cells” fired action potentials when the animal was in that cell’s “place field” (the cells were firing in certain locations as the rat ran around)

Question 20

What do “place cells” do?

Answer 20

different place cells fire in different places in the environment
when the behavior is repeated, the same cells fire at the same location

Question 21

What did the place cell experiment with rats do?

Answer 21

able to tell where the rat is in a maze based on the place cells and where they previously fired

Question 22

What happened when the rat thought about what it was going to do and where it was going to go?

Answer 22

the computer thought that the rat was actually moving because their place cells were firing while the rat was standing still and thinking

Question 23

how are sensory and motor parts of the brain connected?

Answer 23

your body will do things subconsciously depending on what you are thinking/task you are doing
looking a certain way when doing math, heart rate increase during a lie, future is forward, etc