Images / Passages for Comment

Question 1

Athenian Tribute Lists

Answer 1

454/3 - c. 414 BC
found on the Acropolis

Question 2

Tactitus’ Agricola

Answer 2

written c. 98 AD
Agricola was Governor of Britain from AD 77/78 – 83/84

Question 3

Juvenal’s Satires III

Answer 3

written c. 110 AD

Question 4

Yarhibol’s Altar (Aramean migrant god)

Answer 4

165 - 256 AD
found in the temple of Bel in Dura-Europos

Question 5

Tomb of Regina of Arbeia

Answer 5

2nd c. AD
found in Arbeia, near Newcastle, port town on Hadrian’s wall

Question 6

Bryson’s Slave Management Texts

Answer 6

written 1st c. AD

Question 7

Atotas the Miner’s gravestone

Answer 7

4th c. BC
found in Laurion, Athen’s major silver mining region, though it was lost after the Second World War

Question 8

Tomb of Eurysaces

Answer 8

50-20 BC, Rome

Question 9

Delphic Manumissions

Answer 9

dated 201 BC - c. 100 AD

Question 10

Xenophon’s Anabasis

Answer 10

370 BC

Question 11

Pont du Gard (Aqueduct)

Answer 11

mid 1st c. AD

Question 12

Stadiasmos of Patara (milestone)

Answer 12

46 AD

Question 13

Hadrian’s Travels

Answer 13

c. 121 - 133/4 AD

Question 14

The Colossi of Memnon

Answer 14

built 14th c. BC

Question 15

What does Gabrielsen say about Athenian Tribute Lists?

Answer 15

Gabrielsen - view that a tribute is payed for a service - Athenian fleet makes the Aegean safe for its subjects, they pay a tribute for this

Question 16

What does Ogilvie say on Tacitus’ Agricola?

Answer 16

Ogilvie - “The ‘Agricola’ was Tacitus’ first work and in it he was clearly feeling his way, both politically and stylistically

Question 17

What does Lavan say on Tacitus’ Agricola?

Answer 17

Lavan - Tacitus develops a psychology of slavery to explain the dynamics of domination both at home and abroad

Question 18

What does Woolf say on Tacitus’ Agricola?

Answer 18

Greg Woolf - believes success of empire stems from ability to create and maintain a socio-political elite both local and Roman

Question 19

Name two scholars to support Juvenal’s Satires.

Answer 19

Alcock - “I admit that I have come to detest the word ‘Romanization’”
Millet - Acceptance of Roman culture by the British indigenous elites, played a major role in the conquest and occupation of Britain

Question 20

What ancient source can be used to support Juvenal’s Satires?

Answer 20

Strabo - “[The Gauls] are not barbarians anymore but, for the most part, transformed into Romans, both in their speech and their way of life, some even in citizenship.”

Question 21

What two pieces of ancient evidence can be used to support Juvenal’s Satires?

Answer 21

Claudius’ edict to Tridentum, 46 CE: Grant of citizenship to the Adauni, Tulliasses and Sunduni tribes
Tabula Banasitana, Mauretania Tingitana (Morocco), 177 CE - recording the granting of citizenship to the chief of a tribe by Marcus Aurelius

Question 22

What does Al-Salihi say about Yarhibol’s Altar?

Answer 22

Al-Salihi - Yarhibol seems to be the indigenous solar deity of early Palmyra and he along with Bel, the chief god, and ‘Aglibol (the moon God) constituted a triad […] the finding of a Palmyrene relief and an altar throws new light on the interrelation of the two cities through commerce or religious prominence that each enjoyed.

Question 23

What does Gloyn say about Regina of Arbeia?

Answer 23

Gloyn: This tombstone depicts a liberta who married her master and is commemorated as his conlux; she is thus appropriately depicted with a distaff and a spindle, with a wool basket and money box at her feet. The visual conventions of wifely virtue were clearly visible across the empire.

Question 24

What Greek and Latin works align with topics in Bryson’s Slave Management texts?

Answer 24

Greek literature on Oikonomia: Xenophon’s Estate Manager (Economics), and Pseudo-Aristotle’s Household Management (Oikonomia), both from fourth-century BC Athens. Philodemus’ Oikonomia (first century BC). Also numerous lost works
Closely related “Agrarian” Latin works which describe agricultural estate management: Cato the Elder (second century BC), Varro (first century BC), and Columella (first century AD).

Question 25

What two scholars agree on Atotas the Miner’s status?

Answer 25

Bäbler - does not believe that Atotas was a freedman, since he does not mention this in his epitaph. This argument from silence is not a strong one. We could rarely detect an ex-slave who did not mention this fact in his epitaph and so we cannot know how many such cases occurred.
Fragiadakis - considers Atotas a slave.

Question 26

What two scholars can be used for Eurysace’s tomb?

Answer 26

Leach - Ex-slaves like the Eurysaces and the fictional Trimalchio were limited to “figurative” displays of art in order to remain publicly relevant, achieving immortality through grand tombs in prominent places that would cement themselves in the minds of passers by.
Wilson & Schörle - His identity is tied to his baking business - its monetary value is his claim to elite status - and therefore the art on his tomb depicts the “division of labour in a fairly large-scale bakery”.

Question 27

What ancient fictional character can be used to support Eurysaces’ monument and why?

Answer 27

Use Petronius’s character Trimalchio as ancient source - Elite status due to noble birth was perceived as being at risk of being subverted by businessmen, and the derision aimed at their profession and tombs is evidenced by Petronius’ character Trimalchio. He acts as the epitome of the “extreme boorishness of ex-slaves” in order to undermine their funerary achievements and reduce them to the status of their birth.

Question 28

Quote a Delphic manumission from the 2nd c. BC

Answer 28

“Sold to Pythian Apollo […] under the condition that she is free and not claimable to anyone forever”

Question 29

What does Lewis say on the Delphic manumissions?

Answer 29

Lewis - The evidence of the Delphic manumissions suggests that it was normal for an ethnic slave name to mirror the ethnicity of its bearer, although this was not the case in every circumstance

Question 30

What does Lee say on Xenophon’s Anabasis?

Answer 30

Lee - The fifth period of the campaign, roughly spring and summer 400 BC, took the Cyreans westward from Trapezus to Byzantium. The Black Sea coast was a mixture of the familiar and the exotic. On the one hand, there were the trappings of Aegean Greek life: the poleis of Trapezus, Cerasus, Cotyora, Sinope and Heracleia, sailing ships and merchants, even starch-stiff Spartan officers. On the other hand, there were tribal peoples like the Mossynoecians, with their dugout canoes, dolphin blubber for oil, and tattooed children.

Question 31

What does Herodotus say on ancient navigational techniques?

Answer 31

Herodotus - “For this is the nature of the land of Egypt: in the first place, when you approach it from the sea and are still a day’s sail from land, if you let down a sounding line you will bring up mud from a depth of eleven fathoms. This shows that the deposit from the land reaches this far.”

Question 32

What does Dionysius of Halicarnassus say on aqueducts?

Answer 32

“The extraordinary greatness of the Roman empire manifests itself above all in three things: the aqueducts, the paved roads, and the construction of the drains.” - Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Roman Antiquities, 3.67.5

Question 33

What does Strabo say on aqueducts?

Answer 33

“The Romans gave particular attention to areas the Greeks neglected: paved roads, aqueducts, and sewers capable of washing the filth of the city out into the Tiber. Furthermore, they have also paved the roads in the countryside, adding both cuts to hills and viaducts across valleys so that wagons can take a shipload.” - Strabo, Geogr., 5.3.8

Question 34

Name 2 ancient sources for Hadrian’s travels

Answer 34

Cassius Dio - viewed Hadrian as a ‘hands-on’ emperor
Tertullian - “an explorer of all curiosities”

Question 35

What 3 ancient sources mention the Colossi of Memnon?

Answer 35

Strabo, Pliny, Pausanius

Question 36

What 2 scholars can be used to support the Colossi of Memnon?

Answer 36

Cooper & Hall - “… tourism is essentially an experiential industry, that is people are consciously seeking to purchase particular experiences that are primarily ephemeral and intangible…”
LaFrance - “From Roman walls to Twitter, humans have a long-standing obsession with leaving their mark.”