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Psychology 2D > Imagery > Flashcards

Imagery Flashcards

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1
Q

What are other names for imagery?

A

Visualisation
Mental rehearsal
Symbolic rehearsal
Covert practice
Mental practice

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2
Q

What is Singer’s five step strategy for imagery?

What is the aim of this specific approach to imagery?

A
  1. Ready - get comfortable, use breathing control to centre
  2. Image - mentally image performing the act successfully
  3. Focus - Concentrate intensely on one relevant feature
  4. Execute - just do it. Don’t over-analyse
  5. Use feedback to learn from outcome

Aim - skill acquisition

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3
Q

What senses should be re-created in imagery?

What other state should be recreated in addition to the sense?

Which have been shown to be the most important?

A

All senses are involved (see, hear, feel (tactile and kinaesthetic), smell, taste)

Emotional states

Most important - visual and kinaesthetic

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4
Q

Per Richardson (1995) what are the two key aspects determining the effectiveness of imagery?

A

Vividness (the number of senses involved, including emotions and thoughts)

Controllability (the ease with which mental images can be manipulated)

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5
Q

Per Cummins and Williams (2012) what are the 5 key characteristics of the imagery process?

A
  1. Modality (the senses used)
  2. Perspective (1st person internal vs 3rd person external)
  3. Angle (viewing angle)
  4. Agency (imagining oneself vs someone else)
  5. Deliberation (degree to which imagery is deliberate or spontaneous/triggered)
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6
Q

What perspective has been found most effective in imagery?

A

Neither - whilst the general view is that internal perspective is likely to create a more vivid image, research has been found this may be dependent on the preference of the athlete and the task being imaged

Athletes have been found to use both perspectives

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7
Q

What are the two main functions of imagery?

A

Cognitive

Motivational

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8
Q

What are 9 uses of imagery?

A
  1. Improve concentration
  2. Enhance motivation
  3. Build confidence
  4. Control emotional responses
  5. Acquire, practice and correct sports skills
  6. Acquire and practice strategy
  7. Prepare for competition
  8. Cope with pain and injury
  9. Solve problems
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9
Q

What is an example of how imagery can be used to increase concentration?

A

Imagine situations in which you lose concentration and imagine remaining composed and focussed

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10
Q

What are three aspects of concentration which research has shown imagery as effective in improving?

A
  1. Increased ability to integrate external stimuli without overload
  2. To narrow attentional focus
  3. Increased awareness of competition cues, contributing to faster decision making
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11
Q

What is an example of use of imagery to enhance motivation?

A

e.g. dance/aerobic class - see/image becoming healthier and improved physical appearance

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12
Q

What are two examples of how imagery can be used to build confidence?

A
  1. Imagine actions in a difficult situation - imagine success
  2. Kinaesthetic imagery to improve confidence in specific movements
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13
Q

What are two examples of how imagery can be used to control emotional responses?

A

Alter stress appraisal of a situation by viewing as a challenge rather than threat or image having the resources available to deal with the situation

Use imagery to increase/decrease arousal

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14
Q

Give an example of how could imagery be used to prepare for TKD competition?

A

Imagining the arena, pre-performance routine, different attacks could face and different decisions could make

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15
Q

In Pavio’s (1995) work distinguishing the 2 functions of imagery what are he sub-classifications?

A

Motivational

  • specific (MS)
  • general (MG)
  • general mastery (MG-M)
  • general arousal (MG-A)

Cognitive

  • specific (CS)
  • general (CG)
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16
Q

What does MS imagery image?

What is an example of MS imagery?

What is this most effective for?

Per Martin et al. (1999) what practical benefit can result?

A

Goal-oriented responses

Imaging winning an event/medal

Helping to maintain confidence and stay focussed

Help set specific goal and adhere to training to reach that goal

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17
Q

What is an example of MG-M imagery?

What is this a predictor of?

A

Imaging performing well to maintain confidence

Mental toughness

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18
Q

How can MG-A imagery be used?

A

Using imagery to psych up or relax

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19
Q

What is CS imagery most effective for?

A

Skill learning, development, execution performance enhancement

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20
Q

What is CG imagery most effective for?

A

Strategy learning and development and for strategy execution

e.g. imaging a strategy to win a competition

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21
Q

What are the 4 major imagery theories?

A
  1. Symbolic learning theory (Sackett 1935)
  2. The psychoneuromuscular approach
  3. Attention arousal set
  4. Bio-informational theory
22
Q

Explain the symbolic learning theory basis of imagery

A

Repeated run throughs of a skill:

  1. Improve the cognitive map of a skill/movement
  2. Increase the retrieval strength of the memory and make it more likely this will be retrieved under pressure
23
Q

What aspect of competition is symbolic learning theory most directed towards explaining?

A

Acquiring and improving skills of a cognitive nature

24
Q

Explain the psychoneuromuscular approach

A

Imaging an activity leads to low level activation of relevant muscles
- provides feedback to the brain (afference) which is compared to what it should feel like (efference copy) learning the movement in the same way as physical practice (CONTROL COMPARE PROCESS)
- strengthens muscle memory by having the muscles fire in the same sequence

25
Q

What are the criticisms of the psychoneuromuscular approach?

A

Lack of a match between imagery induced and physically induced muscle activity

No clear relationship found between the magnitude of muscle activity during imagery and performance improvement

26
Q

How does Attention Arousal Set suggest imagery facilitates performance?

A
  1. Helps athlete establish optimum arousal level for the task
  2. Increases attention to task relevant cognitions
  3. Helps establish aspects of the performance environment in advance
27
Q

What are criticisms of attention arousal set?

A

Little in the way of testable hypotheses

Doesn’t account for the differential effectiveness of different aspects of imagery e.g. perspective and timing

28
Q

Who developed the bio-informational theory of imagery?

A

Lang (1979, 1984)

29
Q

What does bio-informational theory suggest as the mechanism for imagery improving performance?

A

Imagery engages (some of) the same neural networks and subunits (bits) in the brain as physical practice

The cognitive representation is strengthened by this practice

[Motor components are strengthened by efferent leakage?]

30
Q

What does bio-informational theory suggest best accomplishes the engagement of appropriate neural networks?

A

Use of image generators e.g. a script

31
Q

In bio-informational theory what does the image generator encompass?

Why is this important?

A
  1. the responses a performer would make (what action you chose to take)
  2. the specific situation in which they would execute those responses (perceptual experience)
  3. Stimuli they would experience (sensory consequences)

This is the basis on which events are encoded in LTM

32
Q

Per Lang’s bio-informational theory, an image consists of what 2 main types of statements?

A

Stimulus proposition (description of the content of the scenario to be imaged) and

Response proposition (statement describing the imager’s response to the scenario) - including a motor programme for the response

33
Q

Per Lang’s bio-informational theory what is the relationship between the response proposition and vividness of imagery and how this affects performance?

A

Vivid imagery improves performance by accessing and practising the correct motor programme

Increased vividness is achieved by incorporating response propositions in an imagery script

Response proposition is crucial if imagery is to access the correct motor programme

34
Q

How did Lang extend his Bio-informational theory of imagery?

A

Added the importance of including Meaning Propositions within an imagery script

35
Q

What is an example of meaning proposition with regard to a penalty kick in football?

A

Time left in the game

Current score

36
Q

What other theory is similar to Lang’s Bio-informational theory

What aspects does this comprise?

A

Ahsen’s (1984) Triple Code Model

  1. Image
  2. Somatic response
  3. Meaning to the individual
37
Q

In what circumstances can use of imagery have negative effects?

A
  1. Creating too much anxiety
  2. Directing attention to irrelevant factors
  3. Imagery that is not controllable, leading to imaging failures or mistakes
  4. Making overconfident
38
Q

What factors have been found to affect the effectiveness of use of imagery?

A
  1. Nature of the task
  2. Image speed
  3. Skill level of performer
  4. Imaging ability (vividness and controllability)
  5. Using imagery together with physical practice
39
Q

For what nature of tasks has imagery found to be most effective?

A

Found to be effective over a wide range of tasks but those involving mainly cognitive components (e.g. decision making and perception) show greatest positive benefit

40
Q

In what circumstances is real-time vs slow vs fast motion imagery generally used?

A

Real time used most often

Slow - when learning of developing skills

Fast - skills which have been mastered

41
Q

How does the skill level of the performer affect the effectiveness of imagery?

A

Experienced performer:
- stronger effect,
- uses imagery more often,
- uses imagery to refine skills and prepare for rapid decisions

42
Q

Who developed the PETTLEP imagery programme?

A

Holmes and Collins (2001)

43
Q

What are the aspects emphasised in the PETTLEP imagery programme?

A
  1. Physical nature of the environment (adopt the stance, wear the clothing, hold the implement etc)
  2. Specifics of the environment (do it where the competition is held)
  3. Type of task (identical to actual performance of task)
  4. Timing of the movement (performed in real time)
  5. Learning the content of the movement (reflect the stage of learning e.g basketball dribbling watching the ball vs eyes up)
  6. Emotion (meaning to the individual of the movement)
  7. Perspective of the person (internal or external)
44
Q

What are key tips for implementing a successful imagery programme?

A
  1. Aim for relaxed concentration (preceding imagery
  2. Establish realistic expectations and sufficient motivation (with respect to imagery)
  3. Use vivid and controllable images)
  4. Apply imagery to (multiple) specific situations
  5. Maintain positive focus (even when imaging a mistake/error, finish by imaging the correct response/coping with the error)
  6. Consider use of video and audio
  7. Include both execution of the skill and outcome
45
Q

What 5 factors did Suinn (1975) consider relevant to most effective use of imagery?

A

When imagery is:
1. Associated with low level muscle signals (although not apparent as overt movement)
2. Used in conjunction with physical practice
3. Used by experienced performers
4. Used with comparatively simple motor skills
5. Practice distributed over a period of time (rather than massed)

46
Q

What 2 guidelines would MMU add to Suinn’s 5 aspects of effective use of imagery?

A
  1. Imagery scripts are most effective when they include a substantial number of response propositions vs just scene setting AND the object of the imagery must have meaning for the performer
  2. Improved imagery (effectiveness, control and vividness) is best accompanied by encouragement and systematic reinforcement of self-generated response propositions
47
Q

Is imagery effective for movements with which the performer is not familiar?

A

No

48
Q

Is imagery generally useful when performed with a group/team?

Why?

What is an example of an exception to this?

A

No

Specificity of script to the individual e.g. relevant environmental stimuli

Rowing 8

49
Q

Why did Lang suggest that inclusion of a response proposition within an imagery script is more effective than stimuli alone?

What is this referred to [by MMU?]

A

Doubly coded

The subject does not need to rely on past experience/conditioning to realise the correct response

The inclusion of both stimuli and response gives two possible triggers to retrieve the correct memory

50
Q

What did Lang’s theory suggest regarding muscle activation during imagery?

To what extent does this relate to effective imagery?

A

Activation of a particular neural network by an image will result is some detectable motor response by ‘efferent leakage’ - bits of signal passed on to muscle (possibly) by error

There is no evidence to suggest this is essential to effective imagery

Psychology 2D (4 decks)

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