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Registry > Image production > Flashcards

Image production Flashcards

1
Q

Increase mA =

exposure, contrast, spatial, distortion

A

increase exposure

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2
Q

Increase kVp =

exposure, contrast, spatial, distortion

A

increase exposure

decrease contrast

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3
Q

Increase OID =

exposure, contrast, spatial, distortion

A

Increase contrast (air gap)
Decrease spatial
Increase distortion

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4
Q

Increase SID =

exposure, contrast, spatial, distortion

A

Decrease exposure
Increase spatial
Decrease distortion

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5
Q

Increase Focal spot size =

exposure, contrast, spatial, distortion

A

decrease spatial

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6
Q

Increase grids =

exposure, contrast, spatial, distortion

A

Decrease exposure

Increase contrast

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7
Q

Increase flitration =

exposure, contrast, spatial, distortion

A

Decrease exposure

Increase contrast

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8
Q

Increase motion =

exposure, contrast, spatial, distortion

A

Decrease spatial

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9
Q

Increase anode heel =

exposure, contrast, spatial, distortion

A

exposure

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10
Q

pt factors =

exposure, contrast, spatial, distortion

A

all

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11
Q

which (SID / OID / SOD) governs sharpness

A

SOD

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12
Q

how to get SOD from sid and oid

A

Sid - oid

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13
Q

Unsharpness formula w/ and w/o Focal spot

A

fs x oid/sod OR sod/oid

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14
Q

Change in SID greater than - should increase tech (mA)

A

10 %

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15
Q

Mag formula

A

SID/SOD

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16
Q

Anode angle increase =

A

Larger effective spot

decrease spatial

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17
Q

Which end is more intense b/c of anode heel

A

cathode 25% more intense, thicker part goes here

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18
Q

Spaital resolution 4 variables

A
  1. motion
  2. SID, OID ,SOD
  3. Focal spot size
  4. size of dels / pixels
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19
Q

sharpness formula

A

sod/oid

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20
Q

Del drop out is b/c of

A

TFT failure (IR)

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21
Q

Del saturation

A

max charge del can hold

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22
Q

Nyquist theorem

A

highest spatial resolution that can be recorded

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23
Q

Nyquist theorem controlled by

A

pixel pitch

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24
Q

MTF

A

modulation transfer function

how well DR can record spatial

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25
Q

Best way to measure blur in the system

A

MTF (o=worst)

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26
Q

MTF depends on

A

del pitch

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27
Q

prenumbra is controlled by

A

SOD OID focal spot size

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28
Q

Limiting factor for spatial resolution

A

pixel

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29
Q

Pixel size formula

A

FOV/matrix

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30
Q

Pixel size decrease = - spatial & - matrix

A

increase, increase

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31
Q

Pixel pitch

A

space between pixels

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32
Q

Pixel bit depth

A

max # of brightness

base of 2

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33
Q

Spatial frequency

A

min object size

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34
Q

spatial frequency formula

A

1/2(Psize)

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35
Q

Attenuation coefficient

A

% of beam absorbed by pt

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36
Q

Attenuation coefficient based on

A

voxels

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37
Q

Analog to digital converter selects

A

selects value for dynamic range

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38
Q

DQE

A

Detective quantum efficiency

converts xrays to signal

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39
Q
  • determines overall efficiency of system
A

DQE

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40
Q

Dels fill factor

A

% of semiconductor surface area

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41
Q

Indirect CR CCD

A

scillation
lens/fiber optics
sensor chip (light into #s)

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42
Q

Indirect DR

A 
scintillation
cesium iodide
gadolinium (xray to light)
Photodiode amorphous silicon (light to electrical charge) 
TFT (collects & processes)
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43
Q

DR direct

A 
Nonscintillation 
amphrous silium (xray hits; release electron)
TFT (collects & processes)
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44
Q

CR

A

Photostimuable bromides eurpium
bromide = light
phosphor stores
eurpium makes phosphpr release & make electrons

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45
Q

electrical generator

A

mechnical to electrical

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46
Q

electrical motors

A

electrical to mechincal

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47
Q

Autotransformer

A

change voltage to match kvp

selfinduction

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48
Q

step up transformer

A

volts to kilvolts

49
Q

rectifier

A

makes ac to dc

50
Q

rectifier single-phase ripple

A

100%

51
Q

rectifier three-phase ripple 6 pulse

A

14%

52
Q

rectifier three-phase ripple 12 pulse

A

4%

53
Q

high freq ripple

A

1%

54
Q

quantization

A

values to pixel from grayshade (bit depth)

55
Q

rescaling

A

fixes images brightness and contrast

56
Q

flat field uniformity

A

evens out brightness from dead pixels

57
Q

interpolation

A

fixes dead pixels

58
Q

histogram analysis

A

finds useful voi of image

59
Q
  • makes histogram
A

rescaling

60
Q

Look up table

A

makes good level of contrast and broghtness

61
Q

graduation processing

A

compares to look up table

62
Q

grayscale

A

of value given to pixel

63
Q

equalization

A

sharpness, contrast

64
Q

edgehancement

A

high pass

improves visibility of small, high contrast areas

65
Q

smoothing

A

low pass

reduces noise, spatial and contrast

66
Q

frequency domain

A

sorting image from size

67
Q

halo effect

A

noise
darker gets darker
lighter gets lighter

68
Q

detail processing

A

see fine details w/o change in contrast

69
Q

intensity domain

A

sorting image by values of pixels

70
Q

window level

A

brightness

71
Q

window with

A

contrast

72
Q

spatial domain

A

sorts image by location of pixels

73
Q

point processing

A

subtraction

74
Q

area processing

A

zooming in and out

75
Q

global processing

A

flipping from left to right

76
Q

DICOM

A

digital imaging and communication in medicine

protocol for pacs

77
Q

PACS

A

picture archiving and communication system

storage, retrieval, manipulation, and transmission of image

78
Q

RIS

A

modality work list, radiology data

79
Q

HIS

A

stores and manages all systems

assigns medical # and pt info

80
Q

exposure indicator

A

amount of light reiceved bt plate

81
Q

for milli move decimal place over

A

3 times

82
Q

for window level and width, increasing =

A

lower contrast / brightness

83
Q

15 % rule

A

increase kvp by 15% doubles exposure

84
Q

fixed kvp

A

same kvp

change ma

85
Q

variable kvp

A

change kvp same ma

more common

86
Q

beam intensity formula

A

intensity1 kvp1^2
/ = /
intensity2 kvp2^2

87
Q

base 60

A

kvp is 2x measured part

60 + (part x 2)

88
Q

mA controls

A

heat that gets to filament

89
Q

how AEC works

A
  1. chamber gets current
  2. capactior holds charge
  3. thyratron releases the charge
  4. electromagnet switch stope exposure
90
Q

ACE detectors are placed

A

in front of the grid

91
Q

AEC density/intensity control

A

how sensitive thyraton is

92
Q

MRT

A

minimum response time
how long circuit takes to pass rad
0.002-.02

93
Q

inherent filtration

A

parts of tube

1.5mm

94
Q

4cm rule

A

pt thickness increase by 4cm, double exposure

95
Q

Minimum change for tech

A

35% ma

5% kvp

96
Q

grid ratio

A 
5:1 2
6 ;1 3
8; 1 4
10;1 5
12;1 5
16;1 6
97
Q

moire effect

A

incorrected grid

98
Q

off level

A

grid titled, exposure decrease exposure

99
Q

off focus

A

sid wrong, decrease density at edges

100
Q

off center

A

cr not in center, decrease exopsures

101
Q

upside down grid

A

underexposure except in center

102
Q

how fluoro works

A 
image intensifier 
(xray to light to electrical signal)
1. Input phosphor 
xray to light
2. photocathode 
light to electrons
3. electrostatic lens 
4. output phosphor 
electrons to light
103
Q

flux gain

A

image is brighter b/c of acceleration

104
Q

minification gain

A

the output is smaller than the input (brighter image)

105
Q

total brightness fluoro

A

flux and minifaction

106
Q

conversation factor

A

Ratio of luminance of output vs exposure rate of input

107
Q

flat panel image intensifier

A

replaces image intensifer

see better smaller anatomy

108
Q

grid conversion formula

A

ma1 grid factor 1
/ = /
ma2 grid factor 2

109
Q

DAP

A

dose area product

total air kerma hit pt

110
Q

ABC / AERC

A

kvp and ma adjusted to keep brightness

111
Q

fluoro sid min

A

15”

12” portable

112
Q

OSLS

A

Al oxide
stimulated by laser to read dose
energy released as light

113
Q

thermoluminescent dosimeter

A

lithium fluoride crystals

114
Q

correction factor single phase

A

1

115
Q

correction factor 3 phase & high freq

A

1.4

116
Q

output phosphor made of

A

zinc cadmium sulfide

117
Q

new ma formula?

A

direct square law

118
Q

to find actual image size

A

image size/mag factor

mag factor = sid/sod (sid - oid)

119
Q

wide width = - contrast

A

long, short

Registry (21 decks)

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