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Vaccination > IMAC > Flashcards

IMAC Flashcards

1
Q

There are Three types of family groups? First one is

A

Couple, pregnency along with small kids

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2
Q

There are Three types of family groups? Second one is

A

Dad, 42 years of age daughter and adopted nephew

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3
Q

There are Three types of family groups? Third one is

A

father in overseas
Mother with kids
Kids grand mother supporting for 6 months with visitor visa

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4
Q

NICU

A

Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (prem-ature baby born hoy jokhon)

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5
Q

How many vaccines a NZ pharmacist can do ?

A

seven vaccines preventing 11 diseases.

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6
Q

basic reproduction number (R0)?

A

the number of people that one sick person will infect (on average).

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7
Q

The basic reproduction number (R0) measures

A

the transmission potential of a disease.

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8
Q

For example, if the R0 for measles is 18?

A

we would expect each new case of measles to produce 18 new secondary cases

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9
Q

The basic reproductive number is affected by several factors:

A

-Rate of contacts in the host population
-Probability of infection being transmitted during contact
-Duration of infectiousness.

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10
Q

Why vaccinating against infectious disease?

A

Rapid spreads
High morbidity (complications)
High mortality (dath rate)
Death rate dispite preventable by vaccine

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11
Q

MHO

A

Medical officer of health

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11
Q

MHO

A

Medical officer of health

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12
Q

Liver infection that can result in chronic disease, cirrhosis or liver cancer

A

Hepatitis

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13
Q

seasonal respiratory virus spread by aerial route, which can result in epidemics

A

influenza

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14
Q

Uncommon in NZ, spread by coughing. Newborns at risk if visiting a high burden

A

tuberculosis

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15
Q

Global cause of gastroenteritis in children aged under 3 years

A

rotavirus

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16
Q

A serious disease in infants with coughing, breathing difficulties and a ‘whoop’ sound

A

pertusis

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17
Q

COVID 19

A

Infectious
attack lungs airways and other organs
Can do genetic mutation over time and can adapt to human ex:Delta varient

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18
Q

COVID 19 transmit

A

Human to human
Aerosolised droplets

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19
Q

COVID affected patient droplet?

A

small partical can stay air from minutes to hours
Large droplets quickly fall to the ground

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20
Q

How infection occur?
3 ways

A

-Breathing air

-Infectious particle land in mouth nose, eyes

-Touching contaminated objects

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21
Q

Early stage detection of COVID very difficult what need to do to identify?

A

-detection of viral mRNA from a nasopharyngeal swab, using PCR assay.

-Self-administered RAT tests (Most common)

-SARS-CoV-2 serology (Not common)

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21
Q
A

-detection of viral mRNA from a nasopharyngeal swab, using PCR assay.
-self-administered RAT tests (Most common)

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22
Q

Common symptoms of COVID-19

A

Same like Cold or influenza
-new or worsening cough
-sneezing and runny nose
-fever
-temporary loss of smell or altered sense of taste
-sore throat
-shortness of breath.

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23
Q

Symptoms ten to arise around 2-5 days after the person infected?

A

2-5 days

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24
Q

What is Respiratory eiquette for COVID?

A

Flexed elbow when sneezing

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25
Q

Diphtheria is caused by

A

a gram-positive polysaccharide bacterium, called Corynebacterium diphtheriae.

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25
Q

Diphtheria is caused by

A

a gram-positive polysaccharide bacterium, called Corynebacterium diphtheriae.

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26
Q

Bacteria usually causes infection on

A

throat and nose, but can also cause skin infections.

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27
Q

R0 for diphtheria is?

A

6⁠–7

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28
Q

R0 for diphtheria is?

A

6⁠–7

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29
Q

How it spread?

A

Droplets
Fomites (objects) and food contaminated by discharges from infected lesions.
Incubation period 2-4 weeks
Period of communicability is 2⁠–4 weeks.

30
Q
A

Associated enlargement of the cervical lymph nodes.

In severe cases, there is swelling and oedema of the neck.

Respiratory obstruction may result from an inflammatory exudate that forms a greyish membrane in the upper respiratory tract.

31
Q

Diptheria toxin cause significant damage to

A

heart, nerves, and kidneys.

32
Q

Period of isolation for deptheria?

A

Two weeks from the date of disease onset, until two cultures from both the nose and throat fail to grow virulent bacteria.

33
Q

Exclusion of contacts:

A

Five days from last exposure to infection.

34
Q

Haemophilus influenzae is a gram-negative coccobacillus. its an infection not virus

A

by Haemophilus influenzae
-cause meningitis (severe infections of the lining of the brain and spinal cord).

35
Q

Haemophilus influenzae serotype b can cause?

A

Can cause meningitis (severe infections of the lining of the brain and spinal cord).

36
Q

How influenzae spread to other people?

A

Droplet spread and discharges from nose and throat during the infectious stage.

37
Q

Usual route of entry the virus is ?

A

Nasopharynx

38
Q

Usual route of entry the virus is ?

A

Nasopharynx

39
Q

Incubation period for influenza ?

A

unknown, but probably 2–4 days. Possibly up to 10 days.

40
Q

In young children under 5 years, and particularly those under 1 year, Haemophilus influenzae type b organism can cause

A

Meningitis - with the noticeable deterioration (fever, vomiting, lethargy and meningeal irritation) in child who has been slightly unwell with an upper respiratory tract infection

Epiglottitis - rapid onset of fever, dyspnoea with the characteristic expiratory snore, dysphagia and drooling of saliva, sitting with the neck extended to decrease respiratory obstruction.

41
Q

Epiglottitis tends to occur in children with Hib aged about ? years, while meningitis occurs in younger children ?months).

A

Epiglottitis tends to occur in children with Hib aged about 3 years, while meningitis occurs in younger children (6⁠–24 months).

42
Q

What are the most common complications of Hib disease?

A

Meningitis and epiglottitis

43
Q

Which age group is most at risk for Hib disease?

A

Children aged under 5 years, particularly those aged under 1 year

44
Q

The hepatitis B virus is a single Stranded or double stranded DNA?

A

double-stranded DNA

45
Q

What is Hepatitis B ?

A

is a viral liver infection, causing subclinical to fulminant disease and can lead to chronic liver disease.

46
Q

Hepatitis B is 50 to 100 times more infectious than

A

HIV and can live outside the body for 7+ days and still cause infection

47
Q

There are three ways to become infected with hepatitis B:

A

Birth,Sex,Parenteral, via needles or other contaminated items

48
Q

There are three ways to become infected with hepatitis B:

A

Birth,Sex,Parenteral, via needles or other contaminated items

49
Q

Hepatitis B virus is not spread through

A

food or water, sharing eating utensils, breastfeeding, hugging, kissing, hand holding, coughing or sneezing.

50
Q

Initial symptoms 1–2 months after exposure include?

A

tiredness, loss of appetite, weight loss, abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting, yellow conjunctiva/skin and dark urine.

51
Q

How many people suffering Hep B at this moment?

A

100,000

52
Q

introduction of national vaccination in

A

1988

53
Q

Higher prevalence of which group of people suffering Bep B in NZ?

A

people of Māori, Pacific, South-East Asian or Chinese ethnicity have a higher prevalence.”

54
Q

What is hepatitis B?

A

A viral liver disease which can lead to chronic liver disease and cancer

55
Q

What are the symptoms of hepatitis B infection?

A

Anorexia, tiredness, abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting. As the disease progresses, yellowing of the skin, conjunctiva and dark urine.

56
Q

Why is hepatitis B vaccine on the routine infant National Immunisation Schedule?

A

It prevents chronic liver disease and cancers later in life

57
Q

Human papillomaviruses ?

A

DNA viruses) - over 100 serotypes among 15⁠–20 are oncogenic(toxic).

58
Q

Mode of transmission for Human Papillomavirus?

A

Sexually transmitted HPV infections - penetrative sex is not necessary; hand-genital and oral-genital contact can also spread HPV.
HPV is passed from mother to infant during birth (vertical transmission).
HPV may be transmitted from contaminated clothes and objects, but this route is rare.

59
Q

HPV symptoms are?

A

Most HPV infections do not show any symptoms and many infected individuals with HPV will clear the virus without any complications.

Genital warts can appear weeks or months following infection, presenting as raised or flat bumps in the male or female genital areas.

60
Q

Three types of influenza virus are recognised

A

A, B and C.

60
Q

Three types of influenza virus are recognised

A

A, B and C.

61
Q

Three types of influenza virus are recognised

A

Type A: can cause epidemics and pandemics in humans; found naturally in birds, particularly aquatic birds.
Type B: normally infects humans only and does not cause pandemics.
Type C: causes only sporadic outbreaks of usually mild illness; does not have the potential to cause epidemics or pandemics

62
Q

How influenza virus spread?

A

Influenza is an infectious viral disease primarily spread from person to person via droplet spread or direct contact with infectious person.

63
Q

Symptoms?

A

fever, headache, muscular aches, sore throat and cough; vomiting and diarrhoea may also occur in children.

In the elderly, influenza may not always display these typical symptoms and fever may be less evident, making clinical diagnosis more difficult.

64
Q

Influenza cause high risk and develop

A

severe acute respiratory illness (SARI)

65
Q

Influenza virus how they change?

A

Evolutionary processes called antigenic shift (major change) and antigenic drift (minor change), enable viruses to mutate/change to become unrecognisable to a person’s immune system

66
Q

Wgat is FluTracking in NZ?

A

Online self reporting surveillance system used to detect the potential spread of ILI (influenza-like illness). Data is submitted by members of the public. The surveillance graph is updated weekly during the flu season (April/May to October).

67
Q

Risks and consequences for pregnant women and babies

A

Physiological changes occur during pregnancy
-Decreased lung capacity
-Increased cardiac output
-Altered cell-mediated immunity

Serious influenza consequences for mother and baby
Hospitalisation for pneumonia; possibly intensive care admission
Premature birth, miscarriage/stillbirth, low birth weight and perinatal death

68
Q

Increased risk of heart attack within days of influenza!

A

six times higher risk of heart attack within 7 days of influenza.
This risk may be increased for those who have existing heart disease.

69
Q

How influenza causes heart disease?

A

Inflammatory response to influenza causes changes to blood vessels around the heart and tachycardia
Accelerates plaque generation
Thrombi can then form in vessels
Obstructed blood supply can trigger an acute myocardial infarction
Secondary infections such as pneumococcal pneumonia have been linked to increased CVD risk.

70
Q

What is the type of antigenic change that can result in an influenza pandemic?

A

Antigenic shift - Influenza A viruses can significantly change the DNA coding regions responsible for H and N surface antigens, causing a completely new virus subtype to emerge. This is known as antigenic shift and is largely responsible for pandemics.

71
Q

What is the type of antigenic change that can result in an influenza pandemic?

A

Antigenic shift - Influenza A viruses can significantly change the DNA coding regions responsible for H and N surface antigens, causing a completely new virus subtype to emerge. This is known as antigenic shift and is largely responsible for pandemics.

72
Q

At what time of year does influenza disease occur most commonly?

A

Influenza occurs most commonly in winter

73
Q

At what time of year does influenza disease occur most commonly?

A

Influenza occurs most commonly in winter

74
Q

How infectious is influenza?

A

Ro of 1.4-4 depending on the subtype

75
Q

How infectious is influenza?

A

Ro of 1.4-4 depending on the subtype

Vaccination (2 decks)

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