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Immunition > Im > Flashcards

Im Flashcards

1
Q

First line of defense

A

Physical and chemical barriers including skin, rapid pH change through the gastrointestinal tract, cilia in respiratory tract, normal flora, flushing of urinary tract.

Example sentence: The skin acts as the first line of defense against pathogens.

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2
Q

Innate immune system

A

Generic, non-specific, second line of defense.

Additional information: It provides immediate protection against pathogens.

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3
Q

Acquired immune system

A

Specific, third line of defense.

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4
Q

Types of pathogens

A

Bacteria (intracellular and extracellular), Fungi (intracellular and extracellular), Viruses (strictly intracellular), Parasites (protozoans are intra- and extracellular; helminths are strictly extracellular).

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5
Q

Neutrophils

A

Granulocyte that phagocytoses bacterial antigens; recruited by IL-8.

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6
Q

Eosinophils

A

Granulocyte that defends against parasites.

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7
Q

Basophils

A

Granulocyte involved in allergies; binds IgE antibodies and releases histamine.

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8
Q

Macrophage

A

Agranulocyte that phagocytoses antigens and can serve as antigen-presenting cells.

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9
Q

B cells

A

Agranulocyte responsible for humoral, antibody-mediated immunity.

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10
Q

T cells

A

Agranulocyte responsible for cell-mediated immunity.

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11
Q

Natural killer cells

A

Interact with antigen-IgG complexes to release perforin and destroy target cells.

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12
Q

Phagocytosis

A

The process of eating and destroying pathogens.

Example sentence: Phagocytosis is an essential function of the immune system.

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13
Q

Steps of phagocytosis

A

Pathogen binds to receptor on immune system cell, ingested to form phagosome, fuses with lysosome to form phagolysosome, enzymes destroy pathogen.

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14
Q

Primary organs of the immune system

A

Formation of immune cells; not involved in immune response, includes bone marrow and thymus.

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15
Q

Bone marrow

A

All blood cells are formed here; pluripotent stem cells differentiate into progenitors of all blood cell types.

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16
Q

Thymus

A

Site of T cell maturation and positive/negative selection to prevent autoimmunity.

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17
Q

Secondary organs of the immune system

A

Sites of immune response, including lymph organs and spleen.

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18
Q

Characteristics of innate immune response

A

Rapid, short, non-specific.

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19
Q

Characteristics of acquired immune response

A

Delayed, specific, forms memory immune cells.

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20
Q

Pattern recognition receptors

A

Receptors on phagocytes that recognize and bind to pathogen-associated molecular patterns.

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21
Q

Opsonization

A

Activation of both innate and acquired immune system cells and the complement system; antibodies and C3b bind to the pathogen.

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22
Q

Classes of cytokines

A

Pro-inflammatory (induce inflammation), Anti-inflammatory (reduce inflammation), Chemokines (recruitment of neutrophils and macrophages), Adhesion molecules (permit migration of immune cells).

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23
Q

Humoral immune response

A

Carried out by B lymphocytes, relies on production and binding of antibodies.

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24
Q

Cell-mediated immune response

A

Carried out by T lymphocytes, relies on activation of other immune cells by CD4 T cells and elimination of infected self cells by CD8 T cells.

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25
Q

B-cell receptor (BCR)

A

Receptor on naïve B cells that recognizes and binds to antigens, allowing for clonal expansion and differentiation.

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26
Q

Antibody structure

A

Y-shaped structure with Fc region (stem) binding to immune cells and Fab region (arms) that are variable and specific to an antigen.

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27
Q

Antibody isotypes

A

IgM (first antibody, pentamer), IgG (second antibody, crosses placenta), IgA (found in bodily fluids, dimer), IgD (cell-surface receptor, function unknown), IgE (involved in allergies).

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28
Q

Antibody functions

A

Enhance phagocytosis, neutralize viruses and toxins, activate complement system, and mediate antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity.

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29
Q

Complement system

A

Approximately 35 types of proteins responsible for opsonizing and lysing pathogens, with chemotaxis factors to recruit immune cells.

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30
Q

Antigen presenting cells (APCs)

A

Cells that present antigens to B and T lymphocytes, including professional APCs (macrophages, dendritic cells, B lymphocytes) and atypical APCs (infected cells).

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31
Q

MHC Class I

A

Binds CD8 T cells, activates cytotoxic response.

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32
Q

MHC Class II

A

Binds CD4 T cells, activates helper T cells.

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33
Q

T cell activation

A

Occurs via T cell receptor and CD28 binding.

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34
Q

Cytotoxic T cells

A

Eliminate infected cells via perforins and Fas ligand.

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35
Q

Th1 helper T cells

A

Involved in phagocytosis and cytotoxic T lymphocyte-mediated apoptosis.

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36
Q

Th2 helper T cells

A

Support phagocytosis and antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity.

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37
Q

Th17 helper T cells

A

Primarily involved in phagocytosis.

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38
Q

Inflammatory mediators

A

Substances that promote inflammation and immune response.

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39
Q

Soluble mediators

A

Cytokines that facilitate immune signaling.

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40
Q

Prostaglandins

A

Newly-synthesized mediators from arachidonic acid.

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41
Q

Thromboxane A2

A

Causes vasoconstriction and platelet aggregation.

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42
Q

Leukotrienes

A

Mediators involved in inflammation and bronchial contraction.

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43
Q

Platelet Activating Factor (PAF)

A

Mediates platelet aggregation and vasodilation.

44
Q

Kinins

A

Promote vascular relaxation and pain stimulation.

45
Q

Histamine

A

Stored in mast cells, involved in allergic reactions.

46
Q

Cytokines

A

Soluble proteins that regulate immune responses.

47
Q

Hypersensitivity

A

Exaggerated immune response harming the host.

48
Q

Type I hypersensitivity

A

Immediate allergic reactions mediated by IgE.

49
Q

Type II hypersensitivity

A

Antibodies targeting cell-surface or extracellular matrix antigens.

50
Q

Leukotrienes

A

Mediators involved in inflammation and bronchial contraction.

Example sentence: Leukotrienes play a role in the inflammatory response.

51
Q

Platelet Activating Factor (PAF)

A

Mediates platelet aggregation and vasodilation.

Example sentence: PAF is released during allergic reactions.

52
Q

Kinins

A

Promote vascular relaxation and pain stimulation.

Example sentence: Kinins are involved in the sensation of pain.

53
Q

Histamine

A

Stored in mast cells, involved in allergic reactions.

Example sentence: Histamine causes the symptoms of an allergic reaction.

54
Q

Cytokines

A

Soluble proteins that regulate immune responses.

Example sentence: Cytokines coordinate the immune system’s response to infection.

55
Q

Hypersensitivity

A

Exaggerated immune response harming the host.

Example sentence: Hypersensitivity reactions can be life-threatening.

56
Q

Type I hypersensitivity

A

Immediate allergic reactions mediated by IgE.

Example sentence: Type I hypersensitivity can lead to anaphylaxis.

57
Q

Type II hypersensitivity

A

Antibody binding leads to cell lysis or activation.

Example sentence: Type II hypersensitivity is involved in autoimmune diseases.

58
Q

Type III hypersensitivity

A

Immune complex deposition causes inflammation.

Example sentence: Type III hypersensitivity can lead to tissue damage.

59
Q

Type IV hypersensitivity

A

Cell-mediated response involving T cells.

Example sentence: Type IV hypersensitivity is delayed and involves T cell activation.

60
Q

Organ transplant rejection

A

Caused by Type II and Type IV hypersensitivity.

Example sentence: Organ transplant rejection occurs due to immune responses against the graft.

61
Q

Primary immunodeficiency

A

Genetic disorders affecting immune function.

Example sentence: Primary immunodeficiency disorders are present from birth.

62
Q

Secondary immunodeficiency

A

Acquired conditions like AIDS affecting immunity.

Example sentence: Secondary immunodeficiency can result from infections or medications.

63
Q

Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Disorder (SCID)

A

Lack of functional B and T lymphocytes.

Example sentence: SCID patients are highly susceptible to infections.

64
Q

Biochemical defects in SCID

A

Mutations affecting cytokine signaling and T cell development.

Example sentence: Biochemical defects in SCID result in impaired immune function.

65
Q

Humoral immunodeficiencies

A

Deficiencies in antibody production.

Example sentence: Humoral immunodeficiencies lead to recurrent infections.

66
Q

X-linked agammaglobulinemia

A

Genetic disorder causing absent B cells.

Example sentence: X-linked agammaglobulinemia is more common in males.

67
Q

Common Variable Immunodeficiency Disease

A

Disorder leading to low antibody levels.

Example sentence: Common Variable Immunodeficiency Disease results in increased susceptibility to infections.

68
Q

Chronic Granulomatous Disease

A

Defect in NADPH oxidase impairs microbe killing.

Example sentence: Chronic Granulomatous Disease leads to recurrent fungal infections.

69
Q

AIDS

A

HIV infection destroys CD4 T cells.

Example sentence: AIDS is characterized by a weakened immune system.

70
Q

HIV antigen mutation

A

Rapid changes prevent effective humoral response.

Example sentence: HIV antigen mutations can evade the immune system.

71
Q

HIV drug resistance

A

Rapid mutations lead to treatment failure.

Example sentence: HIV drug resistance is a major challenge in antiretroviral therapy.

72
Q

Secondary immunodeficiency disorder

A

Caused by immunosuppressive and anticancer drugs.

Example sentence: Secondary immunodeficiency disorders can result from chemotherapy.

73
Q

Autoimmunity

A

Failure to distinguish self from non-self cells.

Example sentence: Autoimmunity can lead to the immune system attacking healthy tissues.

74
Q

Systemic lupus erythematosus

A

Autoimmune disease affecting multiple organ systems.

Example sentence: Systemic lupus erythematosus is characterized by a wide range of symptoms.

75
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis

A

Immune attack on synovial membrane in joints.

Example sentence: Rheumatoid arthritis can cause joint deformities.

76
Q

Type 1 diabetes mellitus

A

Destruction of insulin-producing beta cells.

Example sentence: Type 1 diabetes mellitus requires lifelong insulin therapy.

77
Q

Myasthenia gravis

A

Auto-antibodies destroy acetylcholine receptors.

Example sentence: Myasthenia gravis leads to muscle weakness.

78
Q

Hemostasis

A

Process of forming a blood clot.

Example sentence: Hemostasis prevents excessive bleeding after injury.

79
Q

Vasoconstriction

A

Blood vessels constrict to minimize blood loss.

Example sentence: Vasoconstriction helps maintain blood pressure.

80
Q

Platelet activation

A

Triggered by von Willebrand factor and PAF.

Example sentence: Platelet activation is essential for blood clot formation.

81
Q

Granulation

A

Connective tissue forming over a healing wound.

Example sentence: Granulation tissue fills the wound during the healing process.

82
Q

Scar

A

Fibrous tissue replacing normal skin post-injury.

Example sentence: Scar formation is part of the skin’s repair mechanism.

83
Q

Fibrosis

A

Scarring in internal tissues or organs.

Example sentence: Fibrosis can lead to organ dysfunction.

84
Q

Disease

A

Disturbance of structure or function in the body.

Example sentence: Disease can have a wide range of symptoms.

85
Q

Etiology

A

Study of the causes of diseases.

Example sentence: Etiology investigates the origins of illnesses.

86
Q

Pathology

A

Study of structural and functional disturbances.

Example sentence: Pathology examines changes in tissues due to disease.

87
Q

Physiology

A

Study of functions of body parts.

Example sentence: Physiology focuses on how the body works.

88
Q

Pathophysiology

A

Explains physiological changes due to disease.

Example sentence: Pathophysiology links abnormal function to specific diseases.

89
Q

Pathogenesis

A

Sequence of events leading to disease.

Example sentence: Pathogenesis describes the development of a disease.

90
Q

Tissue

A

Groups of cells performing specific functions.

Example sentence: Tissues combine to form organs with specialized functions.

91
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

Protective tissue lining organs and skin.

Example sentence: Epithelial tissue acts as a barrier against pathogens.

92
Q

Connective tissue

A

Supports body structures with various fibers.

Example sentence: Connective tissue provides structural support for organs.

93
Q

Muscle tissue

A

Facilitates movement; includes skeletal, cardiac, smooth.

Example sentence: Muscle tissue enables body movements.

94
Q

Nervous tissue

A

Responsible for communication and signaling.

Example sentence: Nervous tissue transmits electrical signals in the body.

95
Q

Diffusion

A

Movement of molecules across a cell membrane.

Example sentence: Diffusion allows oxygen to enter cells and carbon dioxide to exit.

96
Q

Osmosis

A

Water movement across a semipermeable membrane.

Example sentence: Osmosis helps maintain water balance in cells.

97
Q

Endocytosis

A

Process of taking materials into a cell.

Example sentence: Endocytosis is used to internalize nutrients into cells.

98
Q

Exocytosis

A

Process of moving materials out of a cell.

Example sentence: Exocytosis releases neurotransmitters from nerve cells.

99
Q

Atrophy

A

Degeneration or shrinkage of cells.

Example sentence: Muscle atrophy can result from lack of use.

100
Q

Hypertrophy

A

Increase in cell size.

Example sentence: Cardiac hypertrophy can be a response to high blood pressure.

101
Q

Hyperplasia

A

Increase in cell number.

Example sentence: Hyperplasia can occur in response to tissue damage.

102
Q

Metaplasia

A

Change in cell type.

Example sentence: Metaplasia can be a precursor to cancer.

103
Q

Dysplasia

A

Abnormal cell size, shape, and appearance.

Example sentence: Dysplasia is a common feature of pre-cancerous lesions.

104
Q

Apoptosis

A

Controlled, programmed cell death.

Example sentence: Apoptosis plays a crucial role in tissue development and maintenance.

105
Q

Necrosis

A

Uncontrolled cell death due to injury.

Example sentence: Necrosis results from severe cellular damage.

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