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Urology > ILOs > Flashcards

ILOs Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the prostate located?

A

Between the bladder and the peniss, just infront of the rectum

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2
Q

What is the main role of the prostate?

A

To produce fluid that nourishes and transport the sperm

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3
Q

What runs through the prostate?

A

The urethra

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4
Q

As you get older how does the size of your prostate naturally change?

A

It gets bigger

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5
Q

How many lobes does the prostate have?

A

2

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6
Q

How many parts make up the bladder, and what are they?

A

4 parts….
- The dome
- The base
- The body
- The neck

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7
Q

How many layers make up the 4 parts of the bladder?

A

3 layers….
- Urothelium
- Lamina propria
- Muscularis propria

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8
Q

What is PSA?

A

Prostate - specific antigen

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9
Q

Are PSA levels increased or decreased is many prostate cancer cases?

A

They are increased

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10
Q

What releases PSA into the blood stream?

A

The prostate

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11
Q

What is the normal range of PSA levels?

A

0-4 ng/mL

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12
Q

Does the upper limit of a PSA ever change?

A

Yes. Depending on the patients age

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13
Q

When may you see a false positive PSA result?

A

If the patient has recently done any of the following things:
- Ride a bike
- Strenuous exercise
- Enlarged prostate
- Recent ejaculation
- Anal sex
- Has a UTI

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14
Q

What percentage of patients that have a prostate biopsy go on to have prostate cancer?

A

25%

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15
Q

What are some of the real red flags for prostate cancer?

A

Weight loss, asymmetrical prostate, fatigue, bone pain, visible haematuria

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16
Q

What is the biggest risk when someone under goes a prostate biopsy?

A

Infection, due to you having to go through the rectum

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17
Q

If a patient does not want any intervention in terms of treatment, what are the two options we can give them?

A
  1. Active surveillance
  2. Watchful waiting
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18
Q

Is active surveillance or watchful waiting more intense?

A

Active surveillance

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19
Q

What are the 4 main treatment options for prostate cancer?

A
  1. Removal of the prostate (prostatectomy)
  2. External beam radiotherapy
  3. Seed Brachytherapy (Internal beam radiotherapy)
  4. Hormone therapy
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20
Q

Who do NICE say are entitled to a PSA screen?

A

Any man over the age of 50 that asks for one

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21
Q

What is Micturition?

A

Eliminating water and electrolytes from the urinary system aka urinating

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22
Q

What are the two phases of micturition?

A

Storage/continence phase and the voiding phase

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23
Q

What happens during the storage/continence phase of micturition?

A

The urine is stored in the bladder

24
Q

What happens during the voiding phase of micturition?

A

The urine is released through the urethra

25
Q

What two muscles keep the neck of the bladder closed?

A

Internal and external sphincter

26
Q

What muscles are relaxed when you are storing urine?

A

Detrusor muscles

27
Q

What muscles need to be contracted when you are storing urine?

A

Internal urethral sphincter and the external urethral sphincter

28
Q

What controls the internal urethral sphincter?

A

Autonomic nervous system

29
Q

Is the internal urethral sphincter voluntary or involuntary controlled?

A

Involuntary controlled

30
Q

What controls the external urethral sphincter?

A

The somatic nervous system

31
Q

Is the external urethral sphincter voluntary or involuntary controlled?

A

Voluntary controlled

32
Q

At what volume do the stretch receptors become stimulated and send a signal to the brain?

A

250 mls

33
Q

How much urine remains in the bladder after urinating?

A

Around 10 mls

34
Q

How much urine do you have to have in your bladder after urinating to classify you are being in urinary retention?

A

Around 200-250 mls

35
Q

What part of the brain are signals sent to to tell you that you need to urinate?

A

Thalamus and cerebral cortex

36
Q

What is Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)?

A

It is a condition that is only seen in men, where the prostate is enlarged but NOT cancerous

37
Q

When are the 2 main growth periods of the prostate?

A
  1. Early on in puberty
  2. Around age 25 which will then continue for life
38
Q

What are the two main drugs used to treat BPH?

A

Tamsulosin and Finasteride

39
Q

If patients are not eligible for surgery and their symptoms are very severe how can we treat them?

A

Giving them a catheter

40
Q

What is the main symptom of someone being in urinary retention?

A

Lower abdominal pain

41
Q

What residual volume of urine classes a patient to be in urinary retention?

A

200-300 mls

42
Q

Who are at the higher risk of going into urinary retention?

A

Older men with prostate problems

43
Q

How can you assess whether a patients in urinary retention or not?

A

By carrying out a bladder scan

44
Q

Whats the biggest complications of urinary retention?

A
  • UTIs
  • AKIs
  • Renal scarring
  • CKD
45
Q

Who are at risk of suffering from a urinary tract obstruction?

A

Infants and the elderly. Men more than women

46
Q

What is the most common cause of a urinary obstruction?

A

BPH

47
Q

When theres a urinary restriction where does the pressure back up?

A

Into the collecting system of the kidneys

48
Q

What does an increase in pressure in the collecting system do to the kidneys?

A

Dilation occurs and the kidney filtration system can then become damaged

49
Q

Name a tumour suppressor gene?

A

p53

50
Q

What are oncogenes?

A

Genes that can cause cancer

51
Q

What bacteria is responsible for causing UTIs generally?

A

E.coli

52
Q

What is the first line drug used to treat a UTI?

A

Nitrofurantoin

53
Q

What is the second line drug to treat UTIs?

A

Trimethoprim

54
Q

What are the 3 things that cause resistance to antibiotics?

A
  • Inherent resistance
  • Mutations
  • Gene transfer
55
Q

What part of the prostate is usually enlarged causing BPH?

A

Transitional zone

56
Q

What part of the prostate can cancer grow in?

A

Any part of the prostate

Urology (1 decks)

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