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ILOs Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the prostate located?

A

Between the bladder and the peniss, just infront of the rectum

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2
Q

What is the main role of the prostate?

A

To produce fluid that nourishes and transport the sperm

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3
Q

What runs through the prostate?

A

The urethra

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4
Q

As you get older how does the size of your prostate naturally change?

A

It gets bigger

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5
Q

How many lobes does the prostate have?

A

2

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6
Q

How many parts make up the bladder, and what are they?

A

4 parts….
- The dome
- The base
- The body
- The neck

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7
Q

How many layers make up the 4 parts of the bladder?

A

3 layers….
- Urothelium
- Lamina propria
- Muscularis propria

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8
Q

What is PSA?

A

Prostate - specific antigen

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9
Q

Are PSA levels increased or decreased is many prostate cancer cases?

A

They are increased

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10
Q

What releases PSA into the blood stream?

A

The prostate

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11
Q

What is the normal range of PSA levels?

A

0-4 ng/mL

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12
Q

Does the upper limit of a PSA ever change?

A

Yes. Depending on the patients age

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13
Q

When may you see a false positive PSA result?

A

If the patient has recently done any of the following things:
- Ride a bike
- Strenuous exercise
- Enlarged prostate
- Recent ejaculation
- Anal sex
- Has a UTI

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14
Q

What percentage of patients that have a prostate biopsy go on to have prostate cancer?

A

25%

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15
Q

What are some of the real red flags for prostate cancer?

A

Weight loss, asymmetrical prostate, fatigue, bone pain, visible haematuria

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16
Q

What is the biggest risk when someone under goes a prostate biopsy?

A

Infection, due to you having to go through the rectum

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17
Q

If a patient does not want any intervention in terms of treatment, what are the two options we can give them?

A
  1. Active surveillance
  2. Watchful waiting
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18
Q

Is active surveillance or watchful waiting more intense?

A

Active surveillance

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19
Q

What are the 4 main treatment options for prostate cancer?

A
  1. Removal of the prostate (prostatectomy)
  2. External beam radiotherapy
  3. Seed Brachytherapy (Internal beam radiotherapy)
  4. Hormone therapy
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20
Q

Who do NICE say are entitled to a PSA screen?

A

Any man over the age of 50 that asks for one

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21
Q

What is Micturition?

A

Eliminating water and electrolytes from the urinary system aka urinating

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22
Q

What are the two phases of micturition?

A

Storage/continence phase and the voiding phase

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23
Q

What happens during the storage/continence phase of micturition?

A

The urine is stored in the bladder

24
Q

What happens during the voiding phase of micturition?

A

The urine is released through the urethra

25
What two muscles keep the neck of the bladder closed?
Internal and external sphincter
26
What muscles are relaxed when you are storing urine?
Detrusor muscles
27
What muscles need to be contracted when you are storing urine?
Internal urethral sphincter and the external urethral sphincter
28
What controls the internal urethral sphincter?
Autonomic nervous system
29
Is the internal urethral sphincter voluntary or involuntary controlled?
Involuntary controlled
30
What controls the external urethral sphincter?
The somatic nervous system
31
Is the external urethral sphincter voluntary or involuntary controlled?
Voluntary controlled
32
At what volume do the stretch receptors become stimulated and send a signal to the brain?
250 mls
33
How much urine remains in the bladder after urinating?
Around 10 mls
34
How much urine do you have to have in your bladder after urinating to classify you are being in urinary retention?
Around 200-250 mls
35
What part of the brain are signals sent to to tell you that you need to urinate?
Thalamus and cerebral cortex
36
What is Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)?
It is a condition that is only seen in men, where the prostate is enlarged but NOT cancerous
37
When are the 2 main growth periods of the prostate?
1. Early on in puberty 2. Around age 25 which will then continue for life
38
What are the two main drugs used to treat BPH?
Tamsulosin and Finasteride
39
If patients are not eligible for surgery and their symptoms are very severe how can we treat them?
Giving them a catheter
40
What is the main symptom of someone being in urinary retention?
Lower abdominal pain
41
What residual volume of urine classes a patient to be in urinary retention?
200-300 mls
42
Who are at the higher risk of going into urinary retention?
Older men with prostate problems
43
How can you assess whether a patients in urinary retention or not?
By carrying out a bladder scan
44
Whats the biggest complications of urinary retention?
- UTIs - AKIs - Renal scarring - CKD
45
Who are at risk of suffering from a urinary tract obstruction?
Infants and the elderly. Men more than women
46
What is the most common cause of a urinary obstruction?
BPH
47
When theres a urinary restriction where does the pressure back up?
Into the collecting system of the kidneys
48
What does an increase in pressure in the collecting system do to the kidneys?
Dilation occurs and the kidney filtration system can then become damaged
49
Name a tumour suppressor gene?
p53
50
What are oncogenes?
Genes that can cause cancer
51
What bacteria is responsible for causing UTIs generally?
E.coli
52
What is the first line drug used to treat a UTI?
Nitrofurantoin
53
What is the second line drug to treat UTIs?
Trimethoprim
54
What are the 3 things that cause resistance to antibiotics?
- Inherent resistance - Mutations - Gene transfer
55
What part of the prostate is usually enlarged causing BPH?
Transitional zone
56
What part of the prostate can cancer grow in?
Any part of the prostate

Urology (1 decks)

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