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3500 > iii, iv, vi > Flashcards

iii, iv, vi Flashcards

1
Q

cognitive system

A

a conscious, rational, and controlled system of thinking

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2
Q

experiential system

A

an unconscious, intuitive, and automatic system of thinking

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3
Q

dual process theories

A

theories that are used to explain a wide range of phenomena by positing two ways of processing information

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4
Q

heuristics

A

mental short cuts, or rules of thumb, that are used for making judgements and decisions

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5
Q

implicit attitudes

A

automatic associations based on previous learning through experiential system

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6
Q

explicit attitudes

A

attitudes people are consciously aware of through the cognitive system

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7
Q

somatic marker hypothesis

A

idea that changes in the body, experienced as emotion, guide decision making

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8
Q

categories

A

mental containers in which people place things that are similar to each other

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9
Q

schema

A

a mental structure store in memory that is based on prior knowledge

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10
Q

scripts

A

schemas about an event that specify the typical sequence of actions that take place

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11
Q

impressions

A

schemas people have about other individuals

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12
Q

self concept

A

schema people have about themselves

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13
Q

accessibility

A

ease with which people can bring an idea into consciousness and use it in thinking

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14
Q

salience

A

aspect of schema that is active in one’s mind and consciously or not, colors, perceptions, and behavior

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15
Q

priming

A

process by which exposure to a stimulus in the environment increases salience of a schema

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16
Q

associative networks

A

models for how pieces of information are linked together and stored in memory

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17
Q

semantic associations

A

mental linked between two concepts that are similar in meaning or that are parts of the same category

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18
Q

experiential associations

A

mental linked between two concepts that are experienced close together in time or space

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19
Q

chronically accessible schemas

A

schemas that are easily brought to mind because they are personally important and used frequently

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20
Q

assimilation effects

A

occur when priming a schema changes a person’s thinking in the direction of the primed idea

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21
Q

contrast effects

A

occur when priming a schema changes a person’s thinking in the opposite direction of the primed idea

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22
Q

self fulfilling prophecy

A

phenomenon where initially false expectations cause fulfillment of those expectations

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23
Q

metaphor

A

cognitive tool that allows people to understand an abstract concept in terms of dissimilar, concrete concept

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24
Q

short term memory

A

information and input that is currently activated

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25
Q

long term memory

A

information from past experience that may or may not be activated

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26
Q

misinformation effect

A

process by which cues that are given after an event can plant false information into memory

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27
Q

availability heuristic

A

tendency to assume that information that comes easily to mind is more frequent or common

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28
Q

ease of retrieval effect

A

process where people judge how frequently an event occurs on the basis of how easily they can retrieve examples of that event

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29
Q

casual attribution

A

explanation that people use for what caused a particular event of behavior

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30
Q

locus of causality

A

attribution of behavior to either an aspect of the actor or to some aspect of the situation

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31
Q

correspondent inference

A

tendency to attribute to the actor an attitude, desire, or trait that corresponds to the action

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32
Q

fundamental attribution error

A

tendency to attribute behavior to internal or dispositional qualities of the actor and consequently underestimate the causal role of situational factors

33
Q

actor observer effect

A

tendency to make internal attributions for the behavior of others and external attributions for our own behavior

34
Q

covariation principle

A

tendency to see a causal relationship between an event and an outcome when they happen at the same time

35
Q

discounting principle

A

tendency to reduce the importance of any potential cause of another’s behavior to the extent that other potential causes exist

36
Q

magical thinking

A

tendency to believe that simply having thoughts about an event before it occurs can influence that event

37
Q

fusiform face area

A

region of temporal lobe that helps us recognize the people we know

38
Q

prosopagnosia

A

inability to recognize familiar faces

39
Q

theory of mind

A

set of ideas about other peoples’ thoughts, desires, feelings, and intentions based on what we know about them and the situation they are in

40
Q

mirror neurons

A

certain neurons are activated both when one performs an action oneself and when one simply observes another person performing that action

41
Q

transference

A

process whereby we activate schemas of a person we know and use the schemas to form an impression of someone new

42
Q

false consensus

A

general tendency to assume other people share our own attitudes, opinions, and preferences

43
Q

halo effect

A

tendency of social percievers’ assessments of an individual on a given trait to be biased by the percievers’ more general impression of the individual

44
Q

representativeness heuristic

A

tendency to overestimate the likelihood that a target is part of a larger category if it has features that seem representative of that category

45
Q

primacy effect

A

idea that what we learn early colors how we judge subsequent information

46
Q

upward counterfactual

A

imagined alternative where the outcome is better than what actually happened

47
Q

downward counterfacual

A

imagined worse alternative outcomes to something that actually happened

48
Q

cognitive dissonance theory

A

idea that people have such distaste for perceiving inconsistencies in their beliefs, attitudes, and behavior that they will bias their own attitudes and beliefs to try and deny inconsistencies

49
Q

free choice paradigm

A

lab situation in which people make a choices between two alternatives, and after they do, attraction to the alternatives is assessed

50
Q

induced compliance paradigm

A

lab situation in which participants are induced to engage in a behavior that runs counter to their true attitudes

51
Q

induced hypocrisy paradigm

A

lab situation in which participants are asked to advocate an opinion they already believe in, but then are reminded about a time when their actions ran counter to that opinion, therefore arousing dissonance

52
Q

effort justification

A

phenomenon where people reduce dissonance by convincing themselves that what they suffered for is actually quite valuable

53
Q

minimal deterrence

A

use of minimal level of external justification necessary to deter unwanted behavior

54
Q

self concept clarity

A

clearly defined, internally consistent, and temporally stable self concept

55
Q

self verification

A

seeking out other people and social situations that support the way one views oneself in order to sustain a consistent and clear self concept

56
Q

self complexity

A

extent to which an individual’s self concept consists of many different aspects

57
Q

self narrative

A

coherent life story that connects one’s past, present, and possible future

58
Q

possible selves

A

images of what the self might become in the future

59
Q

self esteem

A

level of positive feeling one has about oneself

60
Q

self handicapping

A

placing obstacles in the way of one’s own success to protect self esteem from a possible future failure

61
Q

projection

A

assigning to others those traits that people fear they possess themselves

62
Q

theory of symbolic self completion

A

idea that when people perceive that a self defining aspect is threatened, they feel incomplete, and then try to compensate by acquiring and displaying symbols that support their desired self definition

63
Q

compensation

A

after a blow to self esteem in one domain, people often shore up their overall sense of self worth by bolstering how they think of themselves in an unrelated domain

64
Q

self affirmation theory

A

idea that people respond less defensively to threats to one aspect of themselves if they think about another valued aspect of themselves

65
Q

basking in reflected glory

A

associating oneself with successful others to help bolster one’s own self esteem

66
Q

self evaluation maintenance model

A

idea that people adjust their perceived similarity to successful others to minimize threatening comparisons and maximize self esteem supporting identifications

67
Q

anxiety buffer

A

idea that self esteem allows people to face threats with their anxiety minimized

68
Q

sociometer model

A

idea that a basic function of the self esteem is to indicate to the individual how much he or she is accepted by other people

69
Q

self compassion

A

being kind to ourselves when we suffer, fail, or feel inadequate, recognizing that imperfection is part of the human condition, and accepting rather than denying negative feelings about ourselves

70
Q

dramaturgical perspective

A

using theater as a metaphor, the idea that people perform accordingly to a script

71
Q

self monitoring

A

an individual’s difference in people’s desire and ability to adjust their self presentations for different audiences

72
Q

spotlight effect

A

belief that others are more focused on us than they actually are

73
Q

illusion of transparency

A

the tendency to overestimate another’s ability to know our internal thoughts and feelings

74
Q

self determination theory

A

idea that people function best when they feel that their actions stem from their own desires rather than from external forces

75
Q

locus of control

A

extent to which a person believes that either internal or external factors determine life outcomes

76
Q

overjustification effect

A

tendency for salient rewards or threats to lead people to attribute the reason, or justification, for engaging in an activity to an external factor, which thereby undermines their intrinsic motivation for and enjoyment of the activity

77
Q

flow

A

feeling of being completely absorbed in an activity that is appropriately challenging to one’s skills

78
Q

mindfulness

A

state of being and acting fully in the current moment

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