III. Diabetes & Obstetrics Flashcards
Pancreatic islets of Langerhans:
α – ____
β – ____
δ – ____
α – synthesize glucagon
β – synthesize insulin
δ – synthesize somatostatin
The islets are innervated by ____ & ____
PNS, SNS
____ and ____ operate in reciprocal manner to maintain blood glucose concentration within normal range
Insulin
glucagon
The body maintains plasma glucose within a ____ mmol/L range ( ____ mg/dL)
4 – 8
80 – 120
Glucose is transported across the BBB by ____.
glucose 1 transporter (GLUT1)
When glucose levels < ____ activity becomes rate-limiting for brain function
3.7 mmol/L
____ is a cluster of related CV risk factors often associated with insulin resistance.
These patients are at an increased risk for ____ or ____ I and double the mortality rate
Metabolic Syndrome
stroke
MI
Metabolic Syndrome is defined as ____ and any two of the following:
(4)
central obesity
High triglycerides
Low HDL
HTN
Raised plasma glucose
The stress of surgery causes an increased concentrations of: (4)
catecholamines, GH, glucagon and glucocorticoids (cortisol)
the consequences of surgical stress leads to what effect on insulin?
insulin resistance
This sympathetic activity during surgery stimulates ____ adrenoceptors in the ____ (organ) to reduce insulin secretion
α2
pancreas
Insulin deficiencies lead to ____
catabolism
what physiological process occur during catabolism?
Lipolysis, proteolysis, gluconeogenesis, and glycogenolysis
What level of blood glucose causes exocytosis of insulin?
> 7 mmol/L
insulin receptors are located where?
Liver
Adipose
Muscle
🐑🍬
what neural process is coupled with exocytosis of insulin in response to increased glucose levels?
depolarization of the 𝝱 cell membrane
Manufactures of human insulin use ____ to mass produce
recombinant DNA
Insulin is manufactured in a solution as ____ (concentration)
100 U/ml
Insulin Should be stored ____
in a refrigerator
Insulin administration is most common via what method?
SubQ
different ROA for insuline
- SubQ
- IM
- IV
Why cannot insulin be give orally?
it is broken down by proteases in the upper GI
Does insulin administered (SubQ) unndergo first pass effect?
NO, because it is absorbed directly into systemic circulation
does endogenous insulin released postpriandally undergo first pass effect?
Yes
this is opposite that of exogenous SubQ insulin
