II. Neuroanatomy & Neuroplasticity (EBIG 2 & #) 9% Flashcards
What comprises the CNS?
brain and spinal cord
What are the meninges?
3 protective layers that cover the brain
dura mater
arachnoid mater
pia mater
What comprises the brainstem?
midbrain, pons, and medulla
describe the brainstem
relays information into and out of the brain
It is the central point for all incoming and outgoing information and basic life function
The brainstem is made up of the medulla, pons, and midbrain, it also contains any of the centers for the senses of hearing, touch, taste, and balance though it doesn’t affect sight and smell
RAS is contained within the brainstem
What does the reticular activating system control?
arousal
alertness
concentration
basic biological rhythms
what comprises the diencephalon?
thalamus and hypothalamus
Describe the diencephalon
A master relay center for forwarding information, sensations and movement. It is considered part of the limbic system
A person who has an injury to their thalamus may experience what kind of symptoms?
can have severe attention concentration problems, difficulty with memory storage and retrieval, weakened mental stamina, decreased sensory information, difficulty reacting to stress, difficulty with excessive or weak emotional responses, and disorders in eating, drinking, sleeping, and sexual functioning
What is the hypothalamus the control center for?
control center for hunger, thirst, sexual response, endocrine levels, and temperature regulation.
It’s all involved in “fight or flight” reactions, anger, fatigue, memory, and calmness
describe the limbic system limbic system?
Situated above, around, and interconnected with the diencephalon. middle section of the brain, sits on top of the brain stem and is involved in emotions.
described the hippocampus
A paired organ with one on each side of the brain, sits within the temporal lobe.
Most commonly associated with memory functioning.
particularly susceptible to loss of oxygen.
Injury to the hippocampus creates difficulty with short term memory, consolidating STM into LTM and organizing/retrieving stored memories.
describe the amygdala
more closely tied with emotional memories and reactions, includes aggressive responses and the fight-or-flight response
Describe the cerebellum
coordinates, modulates, and stores all body movement
Govern’s a person’s every movement, monitors impulses from the motor and sensory centers to help control the direction, rate, force, and steadiness of a person’s movements
Coordinates muscle tone, posture, and eye-hand movement/coordination
What makes up the cerebral cortex?
2 hemispheres
4 lobes
what doe the right hemisphere process?
holistic
visual spatial
intuitive
controls left side of body
music, art, shapes
what doe the left hemisphere process?
linear
verbal-analytic
logical
controls R side of body
speaking, reading, writing
what structures are in the frontal lobe?
frontal poles
prefrontal cortex
primary motor cortex
what does the frontal lobe control?
planning
organization
problem solving
judgment
impulse control
decision making
working memory
What does the temporal lobe control
expressive and receptive language (broca’s and wernicke’s)
what does the occipital lobe control
primary visual cortex
what structures are int eh parietal lobe?
primary sensory cortex
somatosensory cortex
what are the three spinal column divisions?
cervical
thoracic
lumbar
What make up the vertebral body
nerve root
meninges
spinal cord
disk
vertebra
what type of signals does the spinal cord receive?
afferent sensory (which ascend upward)
efferent (motor)
