II. Introduction To human Diseases Flashcards
Alteration of homeostasis
Disease
State of sameness or normalcy the body thrives to achieve
Homeostasis
Pathologic condition of the body and mind
Disorder
2 examples of disorder
- vitamin deficiency (nutritional disorder)
* malformation of a joint (bone disorder)
Group of symptoms caused by several interrelated problems
Syndrome
2 examples of syndrome
- Down syndrome (trisomy 21)
* AIDS (decrease CD4 or T-cells)
A syndrome with involuntary ticks
Tourette’s syndrome
Structural/morphological alterations associated with a diseased state in an individual
Lesion
A lesion like chicken pox
Vesicle
Looks like an insect bite or acne
Papule
Papule with fluid
Vesicle
Vesicle with pus
Pustule
Bigger than the vesicle
Bulae
A change which is specifically characteristic of a disease
Pathognomonic lesion
Example of pathognomonic lesion
Reed-Sternberg cell (RS cells) in Hodgkin diseases
1) Manifestation of disease that are observed
2) ex: vomiting
Clinical signs
1) Subjective feelings of an abnormality in the body
2) can only be reported by the affected individual
3) nausea
Clinical symptoms
5 predisposing factors
- age
- gender
- environment
- lifestyle
- heredity
1) Less than 30 days old
2) immune systems are not fully developed
Newborns
Their immune systems are degenerated
Elderly
Males usually have what disease (2)
Lung cancer (smoke) and gout (alcoholic) *alcohol increases Utica acid content
They usually have:
1) osteoporosis
2) rheumatoid arthritis
3) breast cancer
Women
2 predisposing factors in environment
- air and water pollution (asthma)
* farmers - pesticides and sun exposure
5 predisposing factors according to lifestyle
- smoking (pancreatic cancer and urinary bladder cancer)
- alcohol drinking (hepatocellular carcinoma)
- poor nutrition (malnourished)
- lack of exercise
- stress
2 types of poor nutrition
Obese and underweight
Can build up free radical (develop cancer)
Stress
3 predisposing factors according to heredity
- genetic makeup
- heart disease
- cancer
3 example of genetic makeup predisposing factor according to heredity
- asthma
- diabetes
- high blood
Sequence of events in response of the cells or tissues to the etiologic agents
Pathogenesis
From initial stimulus to the ultimate expression of the disease
Pathogenesis
6 stages of pathogenesis
- incubation period
- prodromal period
- silent or latent period
- exacerbation
- remission
- convalescence
1) Exposure of a tissue to an injurious agent and 1st appearance of signs and symptoms
2) depends on immune system
Incubation period
Appearance of the first sign and symptoms including the onset of the disease
Prodromal period
1) Signs and symptoms may become mild or even disappear for a time
2) ex: syphilis (do not recover)
3) not all disease have latent period
Silent/latent period
Sudden increase in the severity of a disease
Exacerbation
1) Decline in severity of the sign and symptoms of a disease
2) ex: cancer
Remission
Stage of recovery after a disease, injury or surgery
Convalescence
1) Refers to the structural alteration in cells or tissues that are either characteristics of the disease or diagnostic of the etiologic process
2) ex: gross & microscopic process
Morphologic changes
Predicted or expected outcome of the disease
Prognosis
1) Sudden onset
2) short term (less than 2weeks)
Acute disease
1) Extended period
2) healing process is progressing slowly
Chronic diseases
4 example of acute diseases
- URTI
- laceration (heal within 1week)
- gastroenteritis (less than 1week)
- pneumonia
4 example of chronic diseases
- hypertension
- diabetes mellitus
- heart disease
- asthma
Onset of a 2nd disease/disorder in an individual who is already affected with a disease
Complications
Change in structure or function that is considered to be abnormal within the body
Disease
1) % of people with a dose who live for a set period of time
2) ex: 2 year survival rate
3) aka “taning”
Survival rate
3 methods of diagnosis
- Laboratory test (CBC)
- Radiologic test (X-RAY, MRI)
- Pathophysiology
Caused by a physical injury from an external force
Trauma
1) Leading cause of death on children and adults
2) varies with age, race and residence
Trauma
7 types of trauma
- motor vehicle accidents
- firearms
- poison
- fall
- suffocation
- suicide
- homicide
Protective immune response that is triggered by any type of injury or irritant
Inflammation
5 examples of inflammation
- rubor (redness)
- calor (heat)
- dolor (pain)
- tumor (swelling)
- loss of motion
Refers to the invasion of microorganism into tissue that causes cell or tissue injury
Infection
Both have increased # of cells which lead to increase in tissue size or organ
Hyperplasia and neoplasm
Overgrowth on response to some type of stimulus
Hyperplasia
2 example of hyperplasia
- female breast at puberty (estrogen)
* partial hepatectomy (removal of some portion of liver compensatory
True or False: not all tumors are neoplasms?
True. Some are benign
Overconsumption or underconsumption of nutrients
Nutritional imbalance
Inadequate nutrients intake
Malnutrition
Individual who has an ill, thin, wasted appearance
Cachexia
Overconsumption of nutrients and lack of exercise
Obesity
3 disease cause by obesity
- cardiovascular disease
- arteriosclerosis
- bone and joint problems
Vitamins and mineral excess and deficiency is usually related to: (3)
- diet
- metabolic disorder
- some medication
Vitamin deficiency is
Scarvy
Impaired immunity - immune system protected the body into 2 additional ways
1) inflammatory response in which leukocytes play a vital part in killing foreign invaders
2) specific Ag-Ab reaction (allergy)
- Innate (skin, WBC)
- adoptive
Hyper responsive/ hyper reaction
Allergy
Body’s lymphocytes cannot identify the body’s own self Ag which is harmless
Autoimmunity
Decrease/absence of lymphocytes
Immunodeficiency
3 example of immunodeficiency
- AIDS
- organ recipients (doctors give immunosuppressant to prevent organ rejection)
- cancer patients after chemo or radiotherapy
4 types of diseases
- infectious disease
- non-infectious
- psychosomatic
- idiopathic disease
4 pathogens of infectious diseases
- protozoa/helminth
- virus
- fungi
- bacteria
aka Non-communicable or Non-transmissible
Non-infectious
An organization that says “the leading causes of death in the world are non-infectious diseases, over 60% of all death”
World health organization (WHO)
7 examples of non-infectious diseases
- allergy
- heart diseases
- stroke
- cancer
- asthma
- emphysema (cigarette smoking)
- diabetes mellitus
A type of disease that involves the mind and the body
Psychosomatic
4 example of psychosomatic diseases
- psoriasis
- eczema
- stomach ulcer
- high blood pressure
Treatment for psychiatric problems like stress, depression and anxiety
Ease stress, anxiety and depression
Type of disease, where the cause is unknown
Idiopathic disease
3 example of idiopathic diseases
- focal segmental
- glomerulosclerosis
- ankylosing spondylitis
An idiopathic disease where the joints are not flexible and cartilages are no longer present
Ankylosing spondylitis
