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Prelim: Histopathology > II. Introduction To human Diseases > Flashcards

II. Introduction To human Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

Alteration of homeostasis

A

Disease

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2
Q

State of sameness or normalcy the body thrives to achieve

A

Homeostasis

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3
Q

Pathologic condition of the body and mind

A

Disorder

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4
Q

2 examples of disorder

A
  • vitamin deficiency (nutritional disorder)

* malformation of a joint (bone disorder)

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5
Q

Group of symptoms caused by several interrelated problems

A

Syndrome

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6
Q

2 examples of syndrome

A
  • Down syndrome (trisomy 21)

* AIDS (decrease CD4 or T-cells)

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7
Q

A syndrome with involuntary ticks

A

Tourette’s syndrome

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8
Q

Structural/morphological alterations associated with a diseased state in an individual

A

Lesion

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9
Q

A lesion like chicken pox

A

Vesicle

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10
Q

Looks like an insect bite or acne

A

Papule

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11
Q

Papule with fluid

A

Vesicle

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12
Q

Vesicle with pus

A

Pustule

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13
Q

Bigger than the vesicle

A

Bulae

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14
Q

A change which is specifically characteristic of a disease

A

Pathognomonic lesion

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15
Q

Example of pathognomonic lesion

A

Reed-Sternberg cell (RS cells) in Hodgkin diseases

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16
Q

1) Manifestation of disease that are observed

2) ex: vomiting

A

Clinical signs

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17
Q

1) Subjective feelings of an abnormality in the body
2) can only be reported by the affected individual
3) nausea

A

Clinical symptoms

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18
Q

5 predisposing factors

A
  • age
  • gender
  • environment
  • lifestyle
  • heredity
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19
Q

1) Less than 30 days old

2) immune systems are not fully developed

A

Newborns

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20
Q

Their immune systems are degenerated

A

Elderly

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21
Q

Males usually have what disease (2)

A 
Lung cancer (smoke) and gout (alcoholic)
*alcohol increases Utica acid content
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22
Q

They usually have:

1) osteoporosis
2) rheumatoid arthritis
3) breast cancer

A

Women

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23
Q

2 predisposing factors in environment

A
  • air and water pollution (asthma)

* farmers - pesticides and sun exposure

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24
Q

5 predisposing factors according to lifestyle

A
  • smoking (pancreatic cancer and urinary bladder cancer)
  • alcohol drinking (hepatocellular carcinoma)
  • poor nutrition (malnourished)
  • lack of exercise
  • stress
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25
Q

2 types of poor nutrition

A

Obese and underweight

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26
Q

Can build up free radical (develop cancer)

A

Stress

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27
Q

3 predisposing factors according to heredity

A
  • genetic makeup
  • heart disease
  • cancer
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28
Q

3 example of genetic makeup predisposing factor according to heredity

A
  • asthma
  • diabetes
  • high blood
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29
Q

Sequence of events in response of the cells or tissues to the etiologic agents

A

Pathogenesis

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30
Q

From initial stimulus to the ultimate expression of the disease

A

Pathogenesis

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31
Q

6 stages of pathogenesis

A
  • incubation period
  • prodromal period
  • silent or latent period
  • exacerbation
  • remission
  • convalescence
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32
Q

1) Exposure of a tissue to an injurious agent and 1st appearance of signs and symptoms
2) depends on immune system

A

Incubation period

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33
Q

Appearance of the first sign and symptoms including the onset of the disease

A

Prodromal period

34
Q

1) Signs and symptoms may become mild or even disappear for a time
2) ex: syphilis (do not recover)
3) not all disease have latent period

A

Silent/latent period

35
Q

Sudden increase in the severity of a disease

A

Exacerbation

36
Q

1) Decline in severity of the sign and symptoms of a disease
2) ex: cancer

A

Remission

37
Q

Stage of recovery after a disease, injury or surgery

A

Convalescence

38
Q

1) Refers to the structural alteration in cells or tissues that are either characteristics of the disease or diagnostic of the etiologic process
2) ex: gross & microscopic process

A

Morphologic changes

39
Q

Predicted or expected outcome of the disease

A

Prognosis

40
Q

1) Sudden onset

2) short term (less than 2weeks)

A

Acute disease

41
Q

1) Extended period

2) healing process is progressing slowly

A

Chronic diseases

42
Q

4 example of acute diseases

A
  • URTI
  • laceration (heal within 1week)
  • gastroenteritis (less than 1week)
  • pneumonia
43
Q

4 example of chronic diseases

A
  • hypertension
  • diabetes mellitus
  • heart disease
  • asthma
44
Q

Onset of a 2nd disease/disorder in an individual who is already affected with a disease

A

Complications

45
Q

Change in structure or function that is considered to be abnormal within the body

A

Disease

46
Q

1) % of people with a dose who live for a set period of time
2) ex: 2 year survival rate
3) aka “taning”

A

Survival rate

47
Q

3 methods of diagnosis

A
  • Laboratory test (CBC)
  • Radiologic test (X-RAY, MRI)
  • Pathophysiology
48
Q

Caused by a physical injury from an external force

A

Trauma

49
Q

1) Leading cause of death on children and adults

2) varies with age, race and residence

A

Trauma

50
Q

7 types of trauma

A
  • motor vehicle accidents
  • firearms
  • poison
  • fall
  • suffocation
  • suicide
  • homicide
51
Q

Protective immune response that is triggered by any type of injury or irritant

A

Inflammation

52
Q

5 examples of inflammation

A
  • rubor (redness)
  • calor (heat)
  • dolor (pain)
  • tumor (swelling)
  • loss of motion
53
Q

Refers to the invasion of microorganism into tissue that causes cell or tissue injury

A

Infection

54
Q

Both have increased # of cells which lead to increase in tissue size or organ

A

Hyperplasia and neoplasm

55
Q

Overgrowth on response to some type of stimulus

A

Hyperplasia

56
Q

2 example of hyperplasia

A
  • female breast at puberty (estrogen)

* partial hepatectomy (removal of some portion of liver compensatory

57
Q

True or False: not all tumors are neoplasms?

A

True. Some are benign

58
Q

Overconsumption or underconsumption of nutrients

A

Nutritional imbalance

59
Q

Inadequate nutrients intake

A

Malnutrition

60
Q

Individual who has an ill, thin, wasted appearance

A

Cachexia

61
Q

Overconsumption of nutrients and lack of exercise

A

Obesity

62
Q

3 disease cause by obesity

A
  • cardiovascular disease
  • arteriosclerosis
  • bone and joint problems
63
Q

Vitamins and mineral excess and deficiency is usually related to: (3)

A
  • diet
  • metabolic disorder
  • some medication
64
Q

Vitamin deficiency is

A

Scarvy

65
Q

Impaired immunity - immune system protected the body into 2 additional ways

A

1) inflammatory response in which leukocytes play a vital part in killing foreign invaders
2) specific Ag-Ab reaction (allergy)

  • Innate (skin, WBC)
  • adoptive
66
Q

Hyper responsive/ hyper reaction

A

Allergy

67
Q

Body’s lymphocytes cannot identify the body’s own self Ag which is harmless

A

Autoimmunity

68
Q

Decrease/absence of lymphocytes

A

Immunodeficiency

69
Q

3 example of immunodeficiency

A
  • AIDS
  • organ recipients (doctors give immunosuppressant to prevent organ rejection)
  • cancer patients after chemo or radiotherapy
70
Q

4 types of diseases

A
  • infectious disease
  • non-infectious
  • psychosomatic
  • idiopathic disease
71
Q

4 pathogens of infectious diseases

A
  • protozoa/helminth
  • virus
  • fungi
  • bacteria
72
Q

aka Non-communicable or Non-transmissible

A

Non-infectious

73
Q

An organization that says “the leading causes of death in the world are non-infectious diseases, over 60% of all death”

A

World health organization (WHO)

74
Q

7 examples of non-infectious diseases

A
  • allergy
  • heart diseases
  • stroke
  • cancer
  • asthma
  • emphysema (cigarette smoking)
  • diabetes mellitus
75
Q

A type of disease that involves the mind and the body

A

Psychosomatic

76
Q

4 example of psychosomatic diseases

A
  • psoriasis
  • eczema
  • stomach ulcer
  • high blood pressure
77
Q

Treatment for psychiatric problems like stress, depression and anxiety

A

Ease stress, anxiety and depression

78
Q

Type of disease, where the cause is unknown

A

Idiopathic disease

79
Q

3 example of idiopathic diseases

A
  • focal segmental
  • glomerulosclerosis
  • ankylosing spondylitis
80
Q

An idiopathic disease where the joints are not flexible and cartilages are no longer present

A

Ankylosing spondylitis

Prelim: Histopathology (3 decks)

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