ii. Cardiovascular System Flashcards
(63 cards)
L25: What are the two main risk factors for CVD?
- Smoking;
- Genetics.
L25: Name 3 irreversible risk factors for CVD:
- Age;
- Sex;
- Family history.
L25: Name 3 reversible risk factors for CVD:
- Smoking;
- Obesity;
- Diet;
- Exercise;
- Stress;
- Hypertension;
- Hyperlipidaemia;
- Diabetes.
L25: What is primary prevention for CVD and how can this be achieved?
Primary prevention is a patient centred and controlled approach to prevent CVD before it becomes a problem.
This largely involves the patient’s motivation with doctor’s guidance but if they are high risk, medication will also be used.
L25: What is secondary prevention for CVD and how can this be achieved?
Secondary prevention is applied after a CV event has occurred. This still involves the methods used in primary prevention but medication will always be advised.
L25: Why is primary prevention often difficult to achieve?
It is hard to change the patient’s motivation before anything has happened as they will have an opportunistic approach to it.
L25: What lifestyle changes are included as prevention for CVD?
- Diet, low in saturated fats etc, recommended fibre intake (30g), lower sugar intake;
- Exercise;
- Smoking cessation;
- Reduced alcohol intake.
L25: What medication is used to control total blood cholesterol?
Statins
L25: What is the target to reduce blood cholesterol to?
< 5.0mmol/L or 25%
L25: What is the target to reduce blood pressure to?
<140/85
L25: When are anti platelets (e.g. aspirin) prescribed to prevent CV events?
- When CVD is identified;
- When a pt is HIGH risk but with no identified disease.
L25: What 4 classes of drugs are used to prevent further CVD?
- Anti platelet drugs;
- Lipid lowering drugs;
- Anti-arrhytmics;
- Anticoagulants.
L25: What 5 classes of drugs are used to reduce symptoms of current CVD?
- Diuretics;
- Anti-arrythmics;
- Nitrates;
- Calcium channel blockers;
- ACE inhibitors.
L25: How do antiplatelet drugs work to reduce the risk of a CV event?
- Prevent platelets from aggregating/ sticking to artery walls;
- Irreversible effect so will work on platelets whilst in circulation, until they are replaced;
- Effects are additive (e.g. aspirin and clopidogrel are more effective than aspirin alone).
L25: What is the major consideration/ risk in a dental surgery to anti platelet pts?
Larger risks of bleeding
L25: Give 2 examples of anti platelet drugs:
- Aspirin;
- Clopidogrel.
L25: How do anticoagulant drugs work to reduce the risk of a CV event?
- Reduce the efficiency of the coagulation cascade, i.e. reduce clot formation;
- Prevent embolisms (clot in leg, thrombosis, being fired up to lungs or heart.
L25: How does warfarin work?
- Inhibits synthesis of vitamin K dependent clotting factors;
- 2, 7, 9 and 10;
- Protein C and S.
L25: What is the quick effect warfarin has and how is this counteracted?
- Acts on proteins C and S which initially become hyper coagulating;
- Heparin used concurrently for the first few days.
L25: How long do the effects (for patient to become anticoagulating) of warfarin take to set in?
2-3 days
L25: What are the common suffixes for anti coagulant drug names?
-in, -an
L25: Give 2 examples of anticoagulant drugs:
- Warfarin;
- Rivaroxiban.
L25: How are warfarinised pts monitored?
Use of INR
L25: What does an INR of 2-4 tell you about a pt?
- INR good;
- Warfarin working as wanted.
