II-Biochemistry-Carbohydrate Flashcards
1
Q
A polymer of 3-10 monosaccharides
A
Oligosaccharides
2
Q
The simplest of carbohydrates
A
Monosaccharides
3
Q
Long chains of carbohydrates typically undigestable by humans
A
Polysaccharides
4
Q
Glucose + Glucose
A
Mannose
5
Q
Glucose + Sucrose
A
Fructose
6
Q
Lactose is a combination of?
A
Glucose + Galactose
7
Q
Failure in metabolizing Galactose leads to the develop of?
A
Galactosemia and Cataracts
8
Q
What chemical reaction is Sorbitol produced from?
A
Reduction of Glucose
9
Q
This Fructose polymer is use in determining GFR
A
Inulin
10
Q
Glucose, Fructose & Galactose are _____ of each other
A
Isomers
11
Q
Galactose differs from Glucose at Carbon 4 making it an _____
A
Epimer
12
Q
Enantiomerism is defined as
A
The structural mirror image of each other
13
Q
Foods with a Glycemic Index <1 are expected to have
A
Slower glucose absorption rate
14
Q
Benefits of a low Glycemic Index
A
Prevents rapid rises in blood glucose and rapid fluctuations in insulin secretion
15
Q
How does the Glucagon-G-protein receptor binding influence Glycogen Metabolism
A
Up-regulates Glycogenolysis
16
Q
How does G-protien Gi affect enzyme contribute to Glycogen metabolism
A
inhibts Adenylate cyclase-> Up-regulates Glycogenesis, down-regulates Glycogenolysis
17
Q
G-protein Gs activation acts adenylate cyclase causing?
A
elevation of the 2nd messenger cAMP
18
Q
Glucose transporter found on the luminal side the intestines
A
GLUT 5
19
Q
Glucose transporter found in the brain, kidney, placenta
A
GLUT 3
20
Q
SGLT-2 transporter is found in what organ?
A
Kidneys
21
Q
Rate limiting enzymes of Glycolysis.
A
Hexokinase/Glucokinase, Phoshofructokinase I, Pyruvate Kinase
22
Q
True or False: Hexokinase and Glucokinase are found in most tissues.
A
False, althouth Hexokinase can be found in most tissues, Glucokinase is only present in the liver and pancreas
23
Q
Higher affinity thus lower Km for glucose?
A
Hexokinase
24
Q
Glycolytic enzymes that catalyzes substrate level phosphorylation
A
1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate kinase, Pyruvate Kinase
25
How many NADH is produced from 6 molecules of Glucose in Glycolysis
12 NADH
26
1 NADH from Glycolysis via Malate-Asparate Shuttle produces how many ATP?
3 ATP
27
Arsenic affects these two Glycolytic enzymes.
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate Dehydrogenase, Pyruvate Kinase
28
The most common glycolytic enzyme deficiency causes this
Chronic Hemolytic Anemia (Pyruvate Kinase Deficiency)
29
Converts pyruvate to oxaloacetate in the mitochondria
Pyruvate carboxylase
30
Enzymes responsible for the producing ethanol
Pyruvate decarboxylase
31
Catalyzes the reduction of Pyruvate to regenerate NAD+
Lactate dehydrogenase
32
Shares thes same cofactors as a-ketogluterate dehydrogenase
Pyruvate dehydrogenase
33
Co-A requires this B-complex vitamin
Vit. B5 (pantothenic acid)
34
The four Vitamins need for co-enzymes of Pyruvate Dehydrogenase
Vit. B1 (thiamine), Vit B2 (Riboflavin), Vit. B3 (niacin), & Vit B5 (pantothenic acid)
35
Substances that up-regulates the activity of Pyruvate Dehydrogenase
NAD+, CoA, Pyruvate
36
Products of B-oxidation will do what to Pyruvate Dehydrogenase
Down-regulates the activity of Pyruvate Dehydrogenase
37
Mechanism in Chronic Alcoholism causing aquired Pyruvate Dehydrogenase deficiency
Thiamine deficiency
38
Common pathway of aerobic Oxidation of ALL nutrients
Kreb's cycle
39
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase deficiency disease associated with deprivation of Acetyl-CoA in the brain
Congenital Lactic Acidosis
40
Rate limiting enzyme of Kreb's cycle
Isocitrate dehyrdogenase
41
Enzyme affected by the posion Fluoroacetate
Aconitase
42
Arsenite inhibits which Kreb Cycle Enzyme
a-Ketoglutarate Dehydrogenase
43
Products of Kreb's cycle after 1 molecule of Acetyl-CoA
2 CO2, 1 GTP, 3 NADH, & 1 FADH2
44
Intermediate of Kreb's Cycle used Heme Synthesis, Activation of Ketones, & Entry of Proprionyl-CoA
Succinyl-CoA
45
Intermediate need for Oxaloacetate to exit the Mitochondria
Malate
46
ONLY enzyme of Kreb's that catalyzes substrate level phosphorylation
Succinate thiokinase
47
Principle organ of Gluconeogenesis
Liver
48
Cycle that converts Lactate from muscles to Glucose
Cori Cycle
49
Important enzymes of Gluconeogenesis
PEP carboxylase, Pyruvate Carboxylase, Fructose-1,6-Bisphosphatase, Glucose-6-Phosphatase
50
ALL carboxylase require this vitamin to function properly
Biotin
51
The rate limting enzyme of Gluconeogenesis
Fructose-1,6-Bisphosphatase
52
This substrate Inhibitts Fructose-1,6-Bisphosphatase, and Activates Phosphofructokinase 1
Fructose-2,6-Bisphosphate
53
The enzyme in gluconeogenesis that is absent in Skeletal Muscles
Glucose-6-phosphatase
54
The loss of this enzyme in the last step of Gluconeogenesis causes this disease
Von Gierk's
55
Allosteric binding of AMP will do what to Gluconeogenesis?
Down-regulates/Inhibits Gluconeogenesis
56
Mechanism behind Alcohol driven Hypoglycemia?
accumulation of cytoplasmic NADH leading to decrease Gluconeogenesis
57
Enzymes responsible for cytoplasmic NADH elevation in Alcoholics
Alcohol Dehydrogenase, Acetylaldehyde Dehydrogenase
58
This effect inhibits Acetylaldehyde dehydrogenase leading to an acculumation of Acetylaldehyde
Disulfiram Effect
59
Energry required to make 1 Glucose molecule in Gluconeogenesis
4 ATP, 2 GTP, 2 NADH = 12 ATP
60
Responsible for Hyperinsulinemia in Pregnancy
Estrogen
61
Responsible for Insulin Resistence in Pregnancy
HPL
62
Major Storage form of Glucose in animals
Glycogen
63
Which organs do you find glycogen
Liver & Muscles
64
Reason why Glycogen is ALWAYS destined to be used internally in Muscle cells?
Lacks Glucose-6-Phosphatase
65
Rate limiting enzyme of Glycogenesis
Glycogen synthase
66
Activated form of Glucose
UDP-Glucose
67
Rate limitng enyme of Glycogenolysis
Glycogen Phosphorylase
68
True or False: Phosphorylation of Glycogen Synthase promotes Glycogenolysis
True, phosphorylation inhibits Glycongen synthase preventing Glycogenesis
69
True or False: Dephosphorylation of Glycogen Phosphorylase is needed to promote Gluconeogenesis
False, Dephosphorylation inhibits Glycogen phosphorylase preventing production of Glucose-1-phosphate
70
True or False: Insulin cause phosphorylation of Glycogen Synthase to promote Glycogenesis
Fasle, Insulin dephosphorylates Glycogen synthase to active it
71
True or False: increasing levels of Glucose-6-Phosphate promotes Glycogenesis
True, allosterically activaes Glycogen Synthase and inhibits Glycogen Phosphorylase
72
Needed for both muscle contration and mobilization of glygcogen to glucose
Ca 2+
73
Inability to break a(1->4) bonds in lysosomal degradation of glycogen
Type II Pompe's diease (acid maltase)
74
Inability to break a(1->4) bonds in Muscles
Type V McArdle's disease (muscle glycogen phosphorylase)
75
Inability to proceed past the last step of Gluconeogenesis
Type I Von Gierke's disease (glucose-6-phosphatase)
76
The severe form of Von Gierke's results from the deficiency of this enzyme
Branching enzyme (Andersen's disease Type IV)
77
The same enzyme seen Type V Glycogen Storage Disease, but deficient in the hepatocytes
Type VI Her's disease (hepatic glycogen phosphorylase)
78
Inability to break the a(1->6) bonds in glycogen; milder form of Type I
Type III Cori's disease (Debranching enzyme)
79
Loss of this enzyme in muscles leads to accumulation of Glucose-6-phosphate promoting Glycogenesis
Type VII Taruis's disease (Phosphofructokinase I)
80
Galactosemia manifesting as early childhood cataracts
Galactokinase Deficiency
81
Galactosemia, cataracts within a few days of birth, hypoglycemia, lethargy and mental retardation
Gal-1-P Uridyltransferase Deficiency
82
Fastest metabolism all monosaccharides and yeilds the greastest ATP production
Fructose
83
Enzyme that allows Fructose-6-P to bypass conversion by Phosphofructokinase
Aldolase B
84
Enzyme deficient in Essential Fructosuria
Fructokinase
85
Deficiency in Aldolase B
Fructose Intolerance
86
ONLY symptom seen in Essential Fructosuria
Fructose in blood and urine
87
Proximal RenalTubular Disorder resembling Fanconi Syndrome
Aldolase B Deficiency
88
Enzyme absent in lens leading to Sorbitol accumlation causing cataracts in DM patients
Fructose dehydrogenase
89
Pathway important in generating NADPH for the other metabolic cycles to function.
Pentose Phosphate Pathway (Hexose Monophosphate Shunt)
90
Rate Limiting Enzyme in PPP
Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase
91
Important Vitamin needed for the PPP
Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)
92
True or False: The Oxidative phase of PPP is irreversible
TRUE
93
2 important products produced by the PPP
NADPH & ribose-5-phosphate
94
NADPH's role in the removal of peroxide by glutathione
Need in by Glutathione Reductase to reduced of oxidized glutathione
95
Deficiency making RBC more susceptible to oxidative stress
G-6-PD Deficiency
96
percipitates of Hemoglobin seen in RBCs of G6PD deficient patients
Heinz bodies
97
Immune disease associated with NADPH oxidase deficiency responsible for respiratory burst in WBC
Chronic Granulomatous Disease
98
Test used to determine Thiamine deficiency
RBC transketolase activity
99
Metabolic Pathway dependent on NADPH
Fatty acid synthesis
100
Co-factor important for Glutathione Peroxidase
Selenium
