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II-Biochemistry-Carbohydrate Flashcards

1
Q

A polymer of 3-10 monosaccharides

A

Oligosaccharides

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2
Q

The simplest of carbohydrates

A

Monosaccharides

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3
Q

Long chains of carbohydrates typically undigestable by humans

A

Polysaccharides

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4
Q

Glucose + Glucose

A

Mannose

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5
Q

Glucose + Sucrose

A

Fructose

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6
Q

Lactose is a combination of?

A

Glucose + Galactose

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7
Q

Failure in metabolizing Galactose leads to the develop of?

A

Galactosemia and Cataracts

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8
Q

What chemical reaction is Sorbitol produced from?

A

Reduction of Glucose

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9
Q

This Fructose polymer is use in determining GFR

A

Inulin

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10
Q

Glucose, Fructose & Galactose are _____ of each other

A

Isomers

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11
Q

Galactose differs from Glucose at Carbon 4 making it an _____

A

Epimer

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12
Q

Enantiomerism is defined as

A

The structural mirror image of each other

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13
Q

Foods with a Glycemic Index <1 are expected to have

A

Slower glucose absorption rate

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14
Q

Benefits of a low Glycemic Index

A

Prevents rapid rises in blood glucose and rapid fluctuations in insulin secretion

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15
Q

How does the Glucagon-G-protein receptor binding influence Glycogen Metabolism

A

Up-regulates Glycogenolysis

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16
Q

How does G-protien Gi affect enzyme contribute to Glycogen metabolism

A

inhibts Adenylate cyclase-> Up-regulates Glycogenesis, down-regulates Glycogenolysis

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17
Q

G-protein Gs activation acts adenylate cyclase causing?

A

elevation of the 2nd messenger cAMP

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18
Q

Glucose transporter found on the luminal side the intestines

A

GLUT 5

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19
Q

Glucose transporter found in the brain, kidney, placenta

A

GLUT 3

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20
Q

SGLT-2 transporter is found in what organ?

A

Kidneys

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21
Q

Rate limiting enzymes of Glycolysis.

A

Hexokinase/Glucokinase, Phoshofructokinase I, Pyruvate Kinase

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22
Q

True or False: Hexokinase and Glucokinase are found in most tissues.

A

False, althouth Hexokinase can be found in most tissues, Glucokinase is only present in the liver and pancreas

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23
Q

Higher affinity thus lower Km for glucose?

A

Hexokinase

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24
Q

Glycolytic enzymes that catalyzes substrate level phosphorylation

A

1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate kinase, Pyruvate Kinase

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25
Q

How many NADH is produced from 6 molecules of Glucose in Glycolysis

A

12 NADH

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26
Q

1 NADH from Glycolysis via Malate-Asparate Shuttle produces how many ATP?

A

3 ATP

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27
Q

Arsenic affects these two Glycolytic enzymes.

A

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate Dehydrogenase, Pyruvate Kinase

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28
Q

The most common glycolytic enzyme deficiency causes this

A

Chronic Hemolytic Anemia (Pyruvate Kinase Deficiency)

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29
Q

Converts pyruvate to oxaloacetate in the mitochondria

A

Pyruvate carboxylase

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30
Q

Enzymes responsible for the producing ethanol

A

Pyruvate decarboxylase

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31
Q

Catalyzes the reduction of Pyruvate to regenerate NAD+

A

Lactate dehydrogenase

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32
Q

Shares thes same cofactors as a-ketogluterate dehydrogenase

A

Pyruvate dehydrogenase

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33
Q

Co-A requires this B-complex vitamin

A

Vit. B5 (pantothenic acid)

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34
Q

The four Vitamins need for co-enzymes of Pyruvate Dehydrogenase

A

Vit. B1 (thiamine), Vit B2 (Riboflavin), Vit. B3 (niacin), & Vit B5 (pantothenic acid)

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35
Q

Substances that up-regulates the activity of Pyruvate Dehydrogenase

A

NAD+, CoA, Pyruvate

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36
Q

Products of B-oxidation will do what to Pyruvate Dehydrogenase

A

Down-regulates the activity of Pyruvate Dehydrogenase

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37
Q

Mechanism in Chronic Alcoholism causing aquired Pyruvate Dehydrogenase deficiency

A

Thiamine deficiency

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38
Q

Common pathway of aerobic Oxidation of ALL nutrients

A

Kreb’s cycle

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39
Q

Pyruvate Dehydrogenase deficiency disease associated with deprivation of Acetyl-CoA in the brain

A

Congenital Lactic Acidosis

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40
Q

Rate limiting enzyme of Kreb’s cycle

A

Isocitrate dehyrdogenase

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41
Q

Enzyme affected by the posion Fluoroacetate

42
Q

Arsenite inhibits which Kreb Cycle Enzyme

A

a-Ketoglutarate Dehydrogenase

43
Q

Products of Kreb’s cycle after 1 molecule of Acetyl-CoA

A

2 CO2, 1 GTP, 3 NADH, & 1 FADH2

44
Q

Intermediate of Kreb’s Cycle used Heme Synthesis, Activation of Ketones, & Entry of Proprionyl-CoA

A

Succinyl-CoA

45
Q

Intermediate need for Oxaloacetate to exit the Mitochondria

46
Q

ONLY enzyme of Kreb’s that catalyzes substrate level phosphorylation

A

Succinate thiokinase

47
Q

Principle organ of Gluconeogenesis

48
Q

Cycle that converts Lactate from muscles to Glucose

A

Cori Cycle

49
Q

Important enzymes of Gluconeogenesis

A

PEP carboxylase, Pyruvate Carboxylase, Fructose-1,6-Bisphosphatase, Glucose-6-Phosphatase

50
Q

ALL carboxylase require this vitamin to function properly

51
Q

The rate limting enzyme of Gluconeogenesis

A

Fructose-1,6-Bisphosphatase

52
Q

This substrate Inhibitts Fructose-1,6-Bisphosphatase, and Activates Phosphofructokinase 1

A

Fructose-2,6-Bisphosphate

53
Q

The enzyme in gluconeogenesis that is absent in Skeletal Muscles

A

Glucose-6-phosphatase

54
Q

The loss of this enzyme in the last step of Gluconeogenesis causes this disease

A

Von Gierk’s

55
Q

Allosteric binding of AMP will do what to Gluconeogenesis?

A

Down-regulates/Inhibits Gluconeogenesis

56
Q

Mechanism behind Alcohol driven Hypoglycemia?

A

accumulation of cytoplasmic NADH leading to decrease Gluconeogenesis

57
Q

Enzymes responsible for cytoplasmic NADH elevation in Alcoholics

A

Alcohol Dehydrogenase, Acetylaldehyde Dehydrogenase

58
Q

This effect inhibits Acetylaldehyde dehydrogenase leading to an acculumation of Acetylaldehyde

A

Disulfiram Effect

59
Q

Energry required to make 1 Glucose molecule in Gluconeogenesis

A

4 ATP, 2 GTP, 2 NADH = 12 ATP

60
Q

Responsible for Hyperinsulinemia in Pregnancy

61
Q

Responsible for Insulin Resistence in Pregnancy

62
Q

Major Storage form of Glucose in animals

63
Q

Which organs do you find glycogen

A

Liver & Muscles

64
Q

Reason why Glycogen is ALWAYS destined to be used internally in Muscle cells?

A

Lacks Glucose-6-Phosphatase

65
Q

Rate limiting enzyme of Glycogenesis

A

Glycogen synthase

66
Q

Activated form of Glucose

A

UDP-Glucose

67
Q

Rate limitng enyme of Glycogenolysis

A

Glycogen Phosphorylase

68
Q

True or False: Phosphorylation of Glycogen Synthase promotes Glycogenolysis

A

True, phosphorylation inhibits Glycongen synthase preventing Glycogenesis

69
Q

True or False: Dephosphorylation of Glycogen Phosphorylase is needed to promote Gluconeogenesis

A

False, Dephosphorylation inhibits Glycogen phosphorylase preventing production of Glucose-1-phosphate

70
Q

True or False: Insulin cause phosphorylation of Glycogen Synthase to promote Glycogenesis

A

Fasle, Insulin dephosphorylates Glycogen synthase to active it

71
Q

True or False: increasing levels of Glucose-6-Phosphate promotes Glycogenesis

A

True, allosterically activaes Glycogen Synthase and inhibits Glycogen Phosphorylase

72
Q

Needed for both muscle contration and mobilization of glygcogen to glucose

73
Q

Inability to break a(1->4) bonds in lysosomal degradation of glycogen

A

Type II Pompe’s diease (acid maltase)

74
Q

Inability to break a(1->4) bonds in Muscles

A

Type V McArdle’s disease (muscle glycogen phosphorylase)

75
Q

Inability to proceed past the last step of Gluconeogenesis

A

Type I Von Gierke’s disease (glucose-6-phosphatase)

76
Q

The severe form of Von Gierke’s results from the deficiency of this enzyme

A

Branching enzyme (Andersen’s disease Type IV)

77
Q

The same enzyme seen Type V Glycogen Storage Disease, but deficient in the hepatocytes

A

Type VI Her’s disease (hepatic glycogen phosphorylase)

78
Q

Inability to break the a(1->6) bonds in glycogen; milder form of Type I

A

Type III Cori’s disease (Debranching enzyme)

79
Q

Loss of this enzyme in muscles leads to accumulation of Glucose-6-phosphate promoting Glycogenesis

A

Type VII Taruis’s disease (Phosphofructokinase I)

80
Q

Galactosemia manifesting as early childhood cataracts

A

Galactokinase Deficiency

81
Q

Galactosemia, cataracts within a few days of birth, hypoglycemia, lethargy and mental retardation

A

Gal-1-P Uridyltransferase Deficiency

82
Q

Fastest metabolism all monosaccharides and yeilds the greastest ATP production

83
Q

Enzyme that allows Fructose-6-P to bypass conversion by Phosphofructokinase

A

Aldolase B

84
Q

Enzyme deficient in Essential Fructosuria

A

Fructokinase

85
Q

Deficiency in Aldolase B

A

Fructose Intolerance

86
Q

ONLY symptom seen in Essential Fructosuria

A

Fructose in blood and urine

87
Q

Proximal RenalTubular Disorder resembling Fanconi Syndrome

A

Aldolase B Deficiency

88
Q

Enzyme absent in lens leading to Sorbitol accumlation causing cataracts in DM patients

A

Fructose dehydrogenase

89
Q

Pathway important in generating NADPH for the other metabolic cycles to function.

A

Pentose Phosphate Pathway (Hexose Monophosphate Shunt)

90
Q

Rate Limiting Enzyme in PPP

A

Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase

91
Q

Important Vitamin needed for the PPP

A

Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)

92
Q

True or False: The Oxidative phase of PPP is irreversible

93
Q

2 important products produced by the PPP

A

NADPH & ribose-5-phosphate

94
Q

NADPH’s role in the removal of peroxide by glutathione

A

Need in by Glutathione Reductase to reduced of oxidized glutathione

95
Q

Deficiency making RBC more susceptible to oxidative stress

A

G-6-PD Deficiency

96
Q

percipitates of Hemoglobin seen in RBCs of G6PD deficient patients

A

Heinz bodies

97
Q

Immune disease associated with NADPH oxidase deficiency responsible for respiratory burst in WBC

A

Chronic Granulomatous Disease

98
Q

Test used to determine Thiamine deficiency

A

RBC transketolase activity

99
Q

Metabolic Pathway dependent on NADPH

A

Fatty acid synthesis

100
Q

Co-factor important for Glutathione Peroxidase

Biochem (2 decks)

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