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kjkjkkss > II > Flashcards

II Flashcards

1
Q

How many periods is the Holocene divided into

A

3

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2
Q

What is the first period of the Holocene?

A

the Early Holocene Subseries, or the Greenlandian Stage

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3
Q

When did the Early Holocene Subseries start/end?

A

11,700 to 8,236 years ago

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4
Q

What is the second period of the Holocene?

A

the Middle Holocene Subseries, or Northgrippian Stage

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5
Q

When did the Middle Holocene Subseries start/end?

A

8,236 to 4,250 years ago

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6
Q

What is the 3rd period of the Holocene?

A

Late Holocene Subseries, or Meghalayan Stage

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7
Q

When did the Late Holocene Subseries start/end?

A

4,250 years ago to present day

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8
Q

Was the Early Holocene the warmest or coldest period?

A

the warmest

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9
Q

When was the Holocene thermal maximum?

A

from around 11,000 to 7,000 years ago

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10
Q

What does the name Greenlandian Stage refer to?

A

the ice core that has evidence of the stag, NGRIP2

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11
Q

What is the name of the ice core that has evidence of the Early Holocene?

A

NGRIP2

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12
Q

How deep is NGRIP2?

A

1,492 meters into the the ice

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13
Q

The end date of the Early Holocene coincides with what event?

A

a meltwater event in Canada, where a glacial ice sheet collapsed

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14
Q

Where were humans living by the start of the Holocene?

A

all over the globe

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15
Q

In North America, the beginning of the Holocene happens at the same time as what?

A

extinction of dozens of large mammals

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16
Q

What are the 2 explanations for the extinction of many mammals at the start of the Holocene?

A

they were hunted to extinction or they couldn’t adapt to their changing climate

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17
Q

Large agricultural societies did not emerge until when?

A

the Middle Holocene

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18
Q

The nickname for the Middle Holocene, the Northgrippian Stage, refers to what?

A

an ice core in Greenland that shows evidence of cooler temperatures

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19
Q

When was the beginning date of the Middle Holocene?

A

6200 BCE

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20
Q

What does the beginning of the Middle Holocene coincide with?

A

the collapse of the glacial Laurentide Ice Sheet in Canada, a meltwater event

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21
Q

When during the Holocene did temperatures begin to decline?

A

7,300 years ago, or between 5,300 and 3,700 BCE

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22
Q

Why did temperatures in the Holocene begin to decline?

A

weakened solar energy

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23
Q

The period of time in the Holocene where temperatures start falling is known as what?

A

the Mid-Holocene Transition

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24
Q

The late Middle Holocene is known as the transition from ____________ Age to ____________ Age.

A

Stone Age to Bronze Age

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25
Q

What was the most notable agricultural society during the Middle Holocene?

A

the Mesopotamian civilization

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26
Q

When did the Late Holocene begin/end?

A

4,250 years ago and continues on into the present

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27
Q

What does the term “Meghalayan”, used in the Meghalayan age, refer to?

A

the location of a cave in Northeast India where mineral deposits have evidence of an event that marks the beginning of the late Holocene

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28
Q

What do all the nicknames for the stages in the Holocene have in common?

A

they are all named after evidence that supports the stage’s existence

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29
Q

The alterations in weather and climate that marked the beginning of the Late Holocene is a time known as what?

A

the Holocene Turnover, 4,250 years ago

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30
Q

When does the Late Holocene start? (year)

A

2250 BCE

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31
Q

What does CE stand for?

A

Common Era

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32
Q

The Holocene began in 11,700 using which year as a marker for the present?

A

2000 CE

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33
Q

What does BCE stand for?

A

Before Common Era

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34
Q

What year did the Holocene begin?

A

9700 BCE

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35
Q

What does BC stand for?

A

Before Christ

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36
Q

What does AD stand for?

A

Anno Domini, Latin for “In the year of the lord”

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37
Q

What language is Anno Domini?

A

Latin

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38
Q

What does Anno Domini mean in English

A

“In the year of the lord”

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39
Q

Years ago, scholars used what for the reference date of year zero?

A

the year of the birth of Christ

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40
Q

When did the Mesopotamian civilization begin?

A

3500 BCE

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41
Q

How did the new agricultural societies, starting around 3500 BCE, compare with earlier settlements?

A

they were much larger, the people there stayed and made good changes, and they had a social structure

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42
Q

What are agrarian communities?

A

farming societies

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43
Q

Where was Mesopotamia located?

A

in and around current Iraq

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44
Q

How does the rainfall of Mesopotamia compare with Iraq’s?

A

Mesopotamia’s rainfall was much higher than current rates

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45
Q

Where did the Mesopotamian water supply come from?

A

the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers

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46
Q

The Mesopotamian water supply was enhanced by what?

A

human-built irrigation systems

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47
Q

Who developed writing?

A

the Sumerians in Mesopotamia

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48
Q

Who were the Sumerians?

A

a class of priests in Mesopotamia

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49
Q

When did the Sumerians invent writing and planned cities?

A

3600 to 3000 BCE

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50
Q

How long does Earth’s history span?

A

4 billion years

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51
Q

How long did the Pleistocene last?

A

2.6 million years

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52
Q

Did the Pleistocene last long?

A

No, relatively speaking, as it only lasted 2.6 million years, compared to Earth’s 4 billion-year history

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53
Q

What were the subsequent powers in the Mesopotamian region?

A

Akkadians, Babylonians, Assyrians, and Persians

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54
Q

The Akkadians, Babylonians, Assyrians, and Persians were all subsequent powers of which region?

A

the Mesopotamian region

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55
Q

What was the ruling power of Mesopotamia from 2334-2218 BCE?

A

the Akkadian Empire

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56
Q

When did the Akkadian Empire collapse?

A

2218 BCE

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57
Q

When did the Akkadian Empire begin?

A

2234 BCE

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58
Q

The Egyptians populated around which river?

A

the Nile Delta

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59
Q

By which year did the Egyptians start their own form of writing?

A

3200 BCE

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60
Q

When did the Old Kingdom of Egypt start?

A

2700 BCE

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61
Q

When did the Old Kingdom of Egypt end?

A

2200 BCE

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62
Q

When did the Old Kingdom of Egypt start/end?

A

2700-2200 BCE

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63
Q

How good were the ancient Egyptian’s records on farming?

A

very good, with detail on how they used water and the Nile River

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64
Q

Experts use ancient Egypt’s records on farming for what?

A

to learn more about how people tried to protect their farming conditions

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65
Q

What was the main reason for the collapse of the Old Kingdom of Egypt?

A

the drought that occurred

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66
Q

Where did the Indus Civilization begin?

A

the Indus Valley

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67
Q

What civilization began in the Indus Valley?

A

the Indus Civilization

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68
Q

Where in the present day was the Indus Civilization located?

A

Pakistan

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69
Q

Scholars have split the Indus Civilization into how many parts?

A

3

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70
Q

What is the first part of the Indus Civilization?

A

the Early Harappan phase

71
Q

When was the Early Harappan phase of the Indus Civilization?

A

3200-2600 BCE

72
Q

What happened during the Early Harappan phase of the Indus Civilization?

A

more people were moving there; new places were being built; cities were starting to form

73
Q

When during the Indus Civilization did society really advance?

A

the Mature Harappan phase

74
Q

What was the second part of the Indus Civilization?

A

the Mature Harappan phase

75
Q

How was the Mature Harappan phase of the Indus Civilization advanced?

A

society was organized; cities were neat; they had good drainage systems; they traded with other villages and cities

76
Q

What was the 3rd part of the Indus Civilization?

A

the Late Harappan period

77
Q

When was the Mature Harappan phase of the Indus Civilization?

A

2600-1900 BCE

78
Q

When was the Late Harappan period of the Indus Civilization?

A

1900-1000 BCE

79
Q

What happened during the Late Harappan period?

A

people started moving out of big cities to live in smaller villages, the civilization started to fall off

80
Q

What time was a key turning point in the history of the Indus Civilization?

A

2250 BCE

81
Q

The Western Hemisphere includes which 2 continents?

A

North and South America

82
Q

Where are the Andes Mountains?

A

Peru

83
Q

What parts of the Western Hemisphere does Mesoamerica cover?

A

Mexico and Central America

84
Q

Where in the Western Hemisphere did early farming communities, like the ones in Mesopotamia and Egypt, pop up?

A

the Andes Mountains and Mesoamerica

85
Q

The Chavin lived where?

A

the Andes Mountains

86
Q

When did the Chavin live?

A

900-200 BCE

87
Q

When did the Inca Empire take over the Andes Mountains?

A

the 1400s

88
Q

Who ruled Mesoamerica from 1200-500 BCE?

A

the Olmec

89
Q

When did the Olmec rule Mesoamerica?

A

1200-500 BCE

90
Q

What civilizations followed the Olmec in Mesoamerica?

A

the Maya and the Aztecs

91
Q

Alexander the Great was from where?

A

Greece

92
Q

Alexander the Great was a(n) _______ from ____________.

A

king, Greece

93
Q

Who conquered a vast region of land for Greece?

A

Alexander the Great

94
Q

How did Alexander the Great influence the dispersal of Greek culture and language?

A

he caused it to become a common language and its culture was shared across a vast region of land

95
Q

How big was the Roman Empire by 117 CE? (adjective)

A

very large

96
Q

Did climate affect the rise and fall of the Greek and Roman Empires?

A

there isn’t one clear answer, but there are some connections between key events in their time and major changes in the weather

97
Q

How did the weather from the 8th-5th centuries compare with previous times?

A

it was much cooler and wetter

98
Q

How did the change in weather from the 5th-8th centuries affect society?

A

the cooler and wetter climate benefitted farming, helped people live and grow, and may have helped Greece become more powerful

99
Q

What was the Roman period?

A

the centuries of Rome’s peak power

100
Q

When was the Roman period?

A

150 BCE to 250 CE

101
Q

How was the climate during the Roman period?

A

the conditions were stable with stable rainfall in most areas of Rome

102
Q

When was the fall of the Roman Empire?

A

around 476 CE

103
Q

How is the fall of the Roman Empire important?

A

it marks the end of ancient times and the start of the Middle Ages

104
Q

What is another term used to refer to the Middle Ages?

A

the medieval period

105
Q

When did the Middle Ages end?

A

1450 or 1500

106
Q

When was the Renaissance?

A

1300-1600

107
Q

The Renaissance helped what?

A

the transition between the Middle Ages and the modern era

108
Q

What did people use to call the time after Rome fell and before the Renaissance?

A

the “Dark Ages”

109
Q

What movement marked the beginning of the modern period?

A

the Renaissance

110
Q

Why was the time after Rome fell and before the Renaissance called the Dark Ages?

A

because they thought culture and technology didn’t progress

111
Q

What historical natural disasters occurred in 536 CE?

A

devasting volcanoes erupted constantly

112
Q

How did the volcanoes in 536 CE affect European weather conditions?

A

it made it extremely cold, called the year without summer

113
Q

What is 536 CE often considered as?

A

the worst year to be alive

114
Q

What is the worst year to be alive?

A

536 CE

115
Q

What year is the year without summer?

A

536 CE

116
Q

What was a nickname given to the year 536 CE due to its extremely cold temperatures, even during the summer?

A

the year without summer

117
Q

The cold weather caused by volcanic eruptions in 536 CE lingered for how many years?

A

the next 15 years

118
Q

Who said 536 CE is the worst year to be alive?

A

historian Michael McCormick

119
Q

How does telling the history of climate in China compare to Europe?

A

it was just as difficult as Europe

120
Q

China’s collection of human records dates back to which of its dynasties?

A

the Shang dynasty

121
Q

When was the Shand dynasty? (time it spanned)

A

1600-1050 BCE

122
Q

Scholars found that warming periods in China coincided with what?

A

population growth

123
Q

What allowed people to withstand the dry spell in 2000-1600 BCE in China?

A

their complex society and agricultural practices

124
Q

During which dynasty did the mandate of heaven become established?

A

the Zhou dynasty

125
Q

When was the Zhou dynasty? (time it spanned)

A

1046-256 BCE

126
Q

The mandate of heaven was a cultural idea that originated where?

A

Ancient China

127
Q

What was the mandate of heaven?

A

the idea that there could be only one legitimate ruler of China at a time, and that this ruler had the blessing of the god

128
Q

What does LIA stand for?

A

Little Ice Age

129
Q

What was the LIA?

A

a famous time when Earth was a bit colder than usual

130
Q

When was the LIA?

A

1300-1850 CE

131
Q

How long did the LIA last?

A

550 years

132
Q

When did Columbus make contact with the Western Hemisphere?

A

1492

133
Q

What did Columbus do after reaching the New World?

A

he began a program of conquering land and people under colonialism

134
Q

What caused the LIA?

A

volcanic activity and lack of solar activity

135
Q

How do we know the Sun was very active during the LIA?

A

we know because there weren’t many sunspots

136
Q

What are low sun activity times called?

A

solar minima

137
Q

When was the first solar minima during the LIA?

A

1280-1350 CE

138
Q

What is the name of the solar minima during 1280-1350 CE?

A

the Wolf minimum

139
Q

When was the second solar minima during the LIA?

A

1654-1715 CE

140
Q

What is the name of the solar minima during 1654-1715 CE?

A

the Maunder minimum

141
Q

When was the 3rd solar minima during the LIA?

A

1790-1820 CE

142
Q

What was the name of the solar minima during 1790-1820 CE?

A

the Dalton minimum

143
Q

What was the name of the first solar minima during the LIA?

A

the Wolf minimum

144
Q

What was the name of the 2nd solar minima during the LIA?

A

the Maunder minimum

145
Q

What was the name of the 3rd solar minima during the LIA?

A

the Dalton minimum

146
Q

What did the solar minimums during the LIA match up with?

A

growth of glaciers in the European Alps

147
Q

When during the LIA was the 1st time the European Alps grew bigger?

A

late 1200s-1380

148
Q

When during the LIA was the 2nd time the European Alps grew bigger?

A

1580s-1660

149
Q

When during the LIA was the 3rd time the European Alps grew bigger?

A

1810-1860

150
Q

The cooling during the LIA was seen the most where?

A

the Northern Hemisphere

151
Q

Were humans connected during the LIA?

A

Yes, at that time, humans around the globe became more connected than ever before

152
Q

How did Europeans do with revising their sense of climate around the world as they explored more regions?

A

they struggled as they believed their climate was the same across the globe, which was obviously not true

153
Q

What did the interaction between cultural and economic conditions between England and Spain encourage?

A

for poor Spanish residents to stay in Spain, while English residents to move overseas and participate in colonialism

154
Q

What blocked the Dutch Empire in its attempt to find a sea route to China?

A

frozen seas

155
Q

How did the LIA affect Africa?

A

it led to less rain and a rise in drought conditions

156
Q

What particular region in Africa experienced more severe conditions during the LIA?

A

the Sahel region

157
Q

What did China do during the LIA?

A

they diversified their crops and stabilized food prices

158
Q

How did the LIA affect social conditions in China?

A

it led to social unrest in the 17th century

159
Q

Was the LIA more or less difficult for the Natives of North America compared to the Europeans?

A

much less difficult, as they had ways to survive tough weather

160
Q

What time period did the Europeans come to Florida?

A

1400s-1600s

161
Q

Europeans from which countries tried to take over Florida during the 1400s-1600s?

A

Spain, England, and France

162
Q

What hindered the Europeans from reaching and conquering Florida from the 1400s-1600s?

A

their navies were hindered by the climate

163
Q

How was the weather in Florida during the LIA?

A

very cold

164
Q

How did the difficulty of reaching Florida affect the Europeans’ actions toward the Native Americans?

A

they were harsher and more violent toward them

165
Q

What did European colonists during the LIA do when food sources were limited?

A

they used force to take food supplies from the Native people

166
Q

The LIA is included with stories of ____________ that took place in Europe.

A

modernization

167
Q

How were Europeans during the Middle Ages when it came to superstition and religion?

A

they were very superstitious and blindly followed religion

168
Q

What revolution came after the Renaissance?

A

the Scientific Revolution

169
Q

What happened during the Scientific Revolution?

A

people began to think and understand the world in a scientific way

170
Q

What happened after the Scientific Revolution?

A

Enlightenment

171
Q

What happened during the Enlightenment period?

A

modern societies with democratic governments were created

172
Q

When was the coldest part of the LIA?

A

1560-1630

173
Q

How did people react to the colder-than-usual weather during the coldest part of the LIA? (1560-1630)

A

they were very superstitious about the weather because it was confusing and scary

174
Q

The chaos during the 1600s helped start what time?

A

the Enlightenment period

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