IHD & HHD Flashcards
What does hypertensive heart disease (HHD) refer to?
Heart-related problems that develop as a result of chronic high blood pressure.
Approximately how many people are affected by hypertensive heart disease globally?
1.13 billion people.
In which income countries is hypertensive heart disease more common?
Low/middle-income countries.
List three risk factors for hypertensive heart disease.
- Smoking
- Diabetes
- Obesity
- Sedentary lifestyle
- Alcohol consumption
True or False: Hypertensive heart disease is more common in women before the age of 60.
False.
What is left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH)?
Thickening of the left ventricle to compensate for increased workload due to high blood pressure.
What is diastolic dysfunction in the context of hypertensive heart disease?
Impairment of the heart’s ability to relax and fill with blood due to a stiffened thickened ventricle.
What condition is accelerated by high blood pressure and leads to reduced blood flow to the heart?
Coronary artery disease.
What is the essential feature of hypertensive heart disease?
Left ventricular hypertrophy.
What can the heart weight exceed in hypertensive heart disease?
500 g.
What is the normal left ventricular wall thickness?
1.2 to 1.4 cm.
What is cor pulmonale?
Right ventricular hypertrophy and dilation caused by pulmonary hypertension.
What are two possible onset types of cor pulmonale?
- Acute onset
- Slow and insidious onset
What characterizes chronic cor pulmonale?
Right ventricular and often right atrial hypertrophy.
What happens to the pulmonary arteries in pulmonary hypertension?
They undergo structural changes, including endothelial dysfunction and smooth muscle proliferation.
What is ischemic heart disease (IHD) also known as?
Coronary artery disease (CAD) or coronary heart disease (CHD).
What is the most common cause of ischemic heart disease?
Atherosclerosis.
What happens during stable angina?
The heart muscle is temporarily deprived of oxygen during exertion or stress.
What distinguishes unstable angina from stable angina?
Unstable angina occurs even at rest and indicates a higher risk of heart attack.
What occurs during a myocardial infarction?
A coronary artery becomes completely blocked, usually due to a blood clot.
What are the symptoms of a heart attack?
- Chest pain
- Shortness of breath
- Nausea
- Sweating
- Dizziness
What does chronic ischemic heart disease lead to over time?
Heart failure.
Where does the right coronary artery (RCA) originate?
From the right sinus of Valsalva.
What does the left coronary artery (LCA) divide into?
- Left Anterior Descending (LAD) Artery
- Left Circumflex (LCx) Artery
What are the patterns of myocardial infarction?
- Transmural Infarction
- Subendocardial Infarction
Subendocardial Infarction:
* MIs limited to the inner third of the myocardium; these infarcts typically do not exhibit ST segment elevations
* Is most vulnerable area to hypoperfusion and hypoxia
What characterizes transmural infarction?
Involves the full thickness of the ventricle and is caused by epicardial vessel occlusion.
These infarcts are also called ST-segment elevated MIs (STEMIs).
What occurs in the first 0-24 hours after a myocardial infarction?
Coagulative necrosis, loss of nuclei, myocyte disarray, and no inflammation.
What is the most common cause of death worldwide?
Ischemic heart disease (IHD).
At what age is ischemic heart disease more common in men than women?
Over 50.
What occurs in the 1-3 days after a myocardial infarction?
micro: early tissue breakdown, and initial granulation tissue at the borders
gross: mottling w/ yellow-tan infarct center
What occurs in the 3-7 days after a myocardial infarction?
Macrophage activity (phagocytosis of necrotic tissue), increased granulation tissue, and fibroblast proliferation
gross: hyperemic border; central yellow-tan softening
What occurs in the 1-2 weeks after a myocardial infarction?
Collagen deposition and scar formation with reduced inflammation
gross: red-grey depressed infarct borders
What occurs in the 1-2 months after a myocardial infarction?
Mature fibrous scar tissue with little vascularity or cellular activity
gross: grey-white scar, progressive from border toward core of infarct; scarring complete
