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Analytical Chemistry > IH Equipment > Flashcards

IH Equipment Flashcards

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1
Q

What are common PID applications?

A
  • Hazardous waste monitoring to determine proper PPE
  • Soil remediation from leaking underground storage tanks
  • Oil refineries - VOC and benzene monitoring
  • Aircraft - maintenance monitoring (jet fuel)
  • Fire industry - arson and meth lab investigation
  • Oil / chemical tankers
  • Confined space entry
  • Fenceline monitoring
  • Indoor air quality ppb level and odor detection
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2
Q

What is HPLC used for?

A

Large molecules - PCBs, herbicides, insecticides, phthalates, isocyanates, formaldehyde

Way to remember: P for pesticides, PCBs, phthalates

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3
Q

What compounds are good for silica gel solid adsorbent?

A
  • alcohols
  • phenols
  • amines
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4
Q

What can be sampled with activated charcoal?

A
  • Chlorinated hydrocarbons
  • Glycol ethers
  • Alcohol
  • Most hydrocarbons
  • Ester
  • Ethers
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5
Q

What are FIDs good at detecting

A
  • Aromatic hydrocarbons
  • Moderately to chlorinated hydrocarbons
  • Organic chemicals
  • Low sensitivity to carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide
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6
Q

What do FIDs respond poorly to?

A
  • Short chained alcohols
  • Can’t detect formaldehyde
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7
Q

What can’t PIDs measure?

A
  • Components of air (O2, N2, CO2, H2O)
  • Common toxics (CO, HCN, SO2)
  • Natural gas (methane and ethane)
  • Acid gases (HCl, HF, HNO3, etc.)
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8
Q

What are PIDs good at detecting?

A

Hydrocarbons. Common hydrocarbons include acetone, ethanol, toluene, butanol, formaldehyde, methylene chloride.

  • Aromatics (benzene, toluene, xylene)
  • Alkyl iodides, bromides
  • Double-bonded compounds
  • Organic amines (methylamine, dimethylamine, trimethylamine..)
  • Sulfides, and mercaptans
  • Ketones, ethers, and silicates
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9
Q

What is atomic emission spectroscopy good at analyzing?

A

Trace elements, metals

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10
Q

What chemicals are detected by an FID?

A. Heavy metals
B. Aromatic hydrocarbons
C. Oxygen, nitrogen, argon, carbon dioxide
D. Radon and other radioactive gasses

A

B. Aromatic hydrocarbons

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11
Q

Propyl alcohol has an ionization potential of 10.15 eV. Can this be detected with a PID? What needs to be done to ensure detection?

A. Yes. Be sure to set the sampling rate greater than 2 liters per minute
B. Yes. Be sure to set the sampling rate less than 2 liters per minute
C. Yes. Be sure to use a lamp with an energy level greater than 10.15 eV.
D. No.

A

C. Yes. Be sure to use a lamp with an energy level greater than 10.15 eV.

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12
Q

What is the best method for sampling ammonia?

A. Silica gel tube with a sampling pump analyzed by gas chromatography.
B. Flame Ionization Device with data logging capability
C. MCE filter analyzed atomic emission spectroscopy.
D. Silica gel tube analyzed using ion chromatography.

A

D. Silica gel tube analyzed using ion chromatography.

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13
Q

What is the best method for sampling heavy metals in welding fumes?

A. Silica gel tube with a sampling pump analyzed by gas chromatography.
B. Flame Ionization Device with data logging capability
C. MCE filter analyzed atomic emission spectroscopy.
D. Silica gel tube analyzed using atomic absorption.

A

C. MCE filter analyzed atomic emission spectroscopy.

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14
Q

Which method is commonly used to analyze isocyanates?

A. HPLC with Fluorescence detector
B. XRF
C. Gravimetric
D. Ion Chromatography

A

A. HPLC with Fluorescence detector

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15
Q

Which substance might be analyzed using atomic absorption?

A. DDT
B. Lead
C. Polychlorinated biphenyls
D. Xylene

A

B. Lead

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16
Q

Which substance might be analyzed using gas chromatography?

A. 1,3 Dichlorobenzene
B. Asbestos
C. Cadmium
D. Crystalline silica

A

A. 1,3 Dichlorobenzene

17
Q

What is HPLC used for?

A

PCBs, herbicides, insecticides, phthalates, isocyanates

Way to remember: P for pesticides, PCBs, phthalates

18
Q

What can you analyze with an XRF

A

Elements in solids and liquids - commonly used for lead

19
Q

What is normally analyzed with gas chromatography?

A

Hydrocarbons

20
Q

What can’t be analyzed by gas chromatography?

A
  • Compounds that do not vaporize: inorganic metals, ions, salts
  • Highly reactive compounds and chemically unstable compounds: hydrofluoric acid and other strong acids, NOX
  • These are difficult to analyze: high adsorptive compounds: compounds containing a carboxyl group, hydroxyl group, amino group, or sulfur
21
Q

Mercury vapor would be best adsorbed by:

A

Activated charcoal with iodine

Mercury vapor could revolatilize from activated charcoal alone. When iodine is present the mercury is converted to Hg2I2 or HgI2 (not volatile).

22
Q

What is the best adsorbent for most organic vapors that have boiling points above 0° C?

A

Charcoal - it’s non-polar nature allows for the preferential adsorption of organic vapors in relation to atmosphere moisture

23
Q

The preferred method of sampling for benzene is… (sampler)

A

Activated charcoal tube

24
Q

Photometer basics

A
  • Direct read instrument
  • Realtime measure of particulate matter concentrations
  • Light diffracted from particle
25
Q

Vertical elutriator

A
  • Particles with terminal settling velocity greater than air velocity are trapped
  • Used in textile mills for cotton dust sampling
26
Q

Horizontal elutriator

A
  • Particles settle out as air passes between two plates
27
Q

Elutriator

A

Particle settle out in laminar flow

28
Q

What devices can be used to sample semi-volatiles?

A

Impinger or denuder

29
Q

Denuder

A

Denuder = diffuse
- Materials diffuse to walls or screen
- Vapors from particle/gas mixture
- Walls are coated with materials to absorb gases

30
Q

Impinger

A
  • Sample drawn through liquid, and gas is absorbed in liquid
  • Liquid analyzed in lab
  • Must know airflow
31
Q

What is activated charcoal desorbed with?

A

CS2

32
Q

What can activated charcoal sample?

A
  • Glycol Ethers
  • Alcohol
  • Most hydrocarbons
  • Ester
  • Ethers
  • Chlorinated hydrocarbons
33
Q

What can silica get sample?

A
  • Polar compounds
  • Alcohols
  • Amines
  • Phenols
34
Q

Is silica gel hydrophobic or hydrophillic?

A

Hydrophillic

35
Q

Things that can lead to breakthrough

A
  • High humidity
  • High temperature
  • High flow rates
  • Concentration too high
  • Migration of chemicals
  • Channeling
  • Competition of sites on adsorbent w other chemicals
36
Q

What law does diffusion works by?

A

Fick’s law

37
Q

What increases sampling rate of passive dosimeters?

A

Large area and short path length

38
Q

What law do infrared analyzers use?

A

Beer’s law

Analytical Chemistry (6 decks)

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