Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Respiratory Block: Asthma > IgE Mediated Lung Disease > Flashcards

IgE Mediated Lung Disease Flashcards

1
Q

What is the second signal in the immunological synapse between a B-cell and a T-cell?

A

CD40 - CD40L

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the helper B-cell cytokines?

A

IL4, IL5, IL13

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What happens if the immunological synapse between a B-cell and T-cell is incomplete?

A
  1. B-cell dies

2. T-cell dies / becomes anergic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What makes antibodies?

A

Plasma cells (B-cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is IgE produced in response to?

A

Parasitic infections

- patients with worms, bilharzia, malaria, etc. typically have high IgE levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the aim of IgE?

A

To make an environment which is very hostile to the parasite.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

After IgE binds to parasite what occurs next?

A

The Fc receptor binds to high affinity receptors on mast cells and basophils.
- both mast cells and basophils are long-lived and the Fc receptor is very sticky (tends to stay bound, almost impossible to remove without killing mast cell)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the lifespan of a memory B cell?

A

Extremely long, tend to be tenacious

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How does linking of IgE take place?

A

After IgE is bound, there is potential for it to become cross-linked when it binds to a pathogen.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the result of IgE cross-linking?

A

Cross-linking results in basophil and mast cell degranulation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the 2 ways in which activated basophils and mast cells act?

A
  1. Release pre-formed granules

2. Make new things

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What do preformed granules contain?

A
  1. Histamine
  2. Heparin
  3. Proteases
  4. Cytokines - Th2 cytokines and pro-inflammatory mediators
  5. Serotonin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What do newly synthesized granules contain?

A
  1. Lipid mediators especially prostaglandins and leukotrienes (most important)
  2. Platelet activating agents
  3. Substance P
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is substance P?

A

P = pain

- pain stimulator

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

The effects of mast cell granules: what does histamine do?

A
  1. Binds to neuro-receptors = causes pain
  2. Causes smooth muscle contraction
  3. Increases vascular permeability
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

The effects of mast cell granules: what do the cytokines do?

A
  1. Pro-inflammatory e.g. TNF-alpha

2. Th2 e.g. IL-4, IL-5, IL-13 = stimulate B-cell differentiation and cause eosinophil proliferation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

The effects of mast cell granules: what do the proteases do?

A
  1. Destroy tight junctions between endothelial cells to increase vascular permeability
  2. Break down collagen and other extra-cellular matrix proteins
18
Q

The effects of mast cell granules: what do the lipid mediators do?

A
  1. Increased inflammation

2. Increased vascular permeability

19
Q

What is a potent eosinophil growth factor?

A

IL-5

20
Q

What specific chemokine do eosinophils respond to?

A

Eotaxin

21
Q

Which cells recruit eosinophils?

A

Mast cells and basophils

22
Q

What do eosinophils do once they have reached the correct place?

A

They begin to secrete a large number of proteins which are similar to those produced by mast cells and basophils.
- stay there and continue to degranulate
= chronic inflammation
(e.g. why bilharzia leads to bladder cancer)

23
Q

What is the protective role of IgE?

A

Mice (and humans) which lack IgE cannot form an appropriate response against parasitic infections.

24
Q

Mast cells and basophils mediate a response against which types of parasites?

A

Both internal and external parasites

25
Q

What happens when there are no parasites?

A

There seems to be a tendency to produce IgE to non-noxious stimuli
- this is called the hygiene hypothesis

26
Q

What is atopy?

A

The genetic predisposition to produce IgE

27
Q

What is allergy?

A

The inappropriate immunological response to innocuous stimuli
e.g. house dust mite faeces, cockroach faeces, pollen

28
Q

What are some of the factors which implicate IgE overproduction in asthma?

A
  1. Asthma is exacerbated by Th2 cytokines
  2. Eosinophils are found in high numbers in allergic lungs
  3. Eosinophils contribute to mucous production and bronchoconstriction in allergic asthma
  4. Basophils are found in the bronchial fluid of individuals who die of asthma (+ eosinophils)
  5. In mouse models, challenging the lung with parasites produces a syndrome similar to allergic asthma
29
Q

What can be done for atopy?

A

Don’t know what causes atopy, we can however delay it or ameliorate it.

  • get an animal for the child
  • introduce allergens early (especially if breastfed)
30
Q

What is more likely to happen the longer you have untreated asthma?

A

Leads to irreversible airway damage

31
Q

Inflammation in COPD is mediated by what cells?

A

Neutrophils

32
Q

Inflammation in asthma is mediated by what cells?

A

Eosinophils

33
Q

What is the most important immune cell in asthma?

A

Th2 T-cell

34
Q

What is the effect of asthma on mucous production?

A

Leads to increased mucous production

35
Q

What are potentially the most important mediators of asthma?

A

Leukotrienes

36
Q

How can aspirin lead to asthma?

A

Diverts the arachidonic acid pathway to asthma stimulating leukotriene production

37
Q

What is Omalizumab?

A

An monoclonal antibody against IgE

38
Q

Where has Omalizumab shown success?

A

It has been effective in the treatment of resistant severe asthma.

39
Q

What special monitoring should patients on Omalizumab receive?

A

They should be monitored for parasitic infection

- dewormed every few months

40
Q

Where does Omalizumab fit in the treatment protocols of asthma?

A

Not mainstay but ancillary treatment for severe asthma only

- not a cure because it has no effect on Th2 T-cell (vs. steroids that are very effective because they kill leukocytes)

Respiratory Block: Asthma (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions