iGCSE PSYCHOLOGY Flashcards
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Operant conditioning
Learning from the consequences of actions.
Positive reinforcement
Receiving something pleasant for a behaviour, so we repeat it.
Negative reinforcement
The avoidance of something unpleasant, so we do it again.
Primary reinforcers
These satisfy a basic biological need e.g. food, water, warmth and shelter.
Secondary reinforcers
These are of no survival value, but we have learned to associate them with a primary reinforcer e.g. money, credit cards.
Positive punishment
Receiving something unpleasant for a behaviour, so we do not do it again.
Negative punishment
Removing something pleasant so we do not repeat the behaviour.
Social learning theory
Behaviour is learned through the observation and imitation of role models.
Retention
able to recall the modeled behaviour
Modelling
Learning a new behaviour through paying attention to, retaining and reproducing the behaviour of a role model.
reproduction
an ability to reproduce the behaviour
Observational learning
Learning new behaviours through watching and modelling a role model.
motivation
this increases the likelihood of performing the obsevered behaviour
Role model
A person who we admire or with whom we ahre similar characteristics.
identification
this occurs in SLT when the learner replicates the behaviour and/or internalises belief
Vicarious reinforcement
Motivation to model the behaviours of others who we see being rewarded for their behaviour.
Chrisitan
Researcher who found higher concordance rates in crimnal activity for dizygotic twins than monozygotic twins
Concordance rate
The chance of both twins having something in common e.g. criminal ativity
Extravert
A personlity type characterised by low levels or resting arousal and sensation seeking behaviours
Introvert
A personality type characterised by levels of resting arousal
Psychotic
A persoanlity type where the person shows a lack of fear and empathy towards others
Neurotic
A persoanlity type where the person nervous and react strongly to negative emotions
EPQ
A questionnaire used to measure extraversion, psychoticim and neuroticism
Temperment
Someone nature. They are born with it and it affects behaviour.
Socialisation
The way you are raised an taught to behave. It can vary according to P
PEN
criminality personality type
Custody
prison synonym
Recidivism
Commiting another crime after being released from an original crime
Rehabilitation
Program designed to help criminal rather than punish them
Hummanitarian
Concern for a humans welfare
community sentencing
offender serves to do work to improve their community e.g. cleanng graffiti
curfew
restriction on a time that an offender is allowed to be outside.
restorative justice
process of a victim and offender meeting to resolve conflict and understand the pain caused by the crime
Token Economy
A system of rewarding behaviours that are desirable
Bandura
Investigated social learning theory using the bobo doll experiment
Charlton et al
Investgated the introduction of TV on aggression and pro-social behaviour in St Helena
Anger Management Program
For of rehabilitation consisting to cognitive preperation, skills acquisition and application practice
cognitive preparation
step 1 of anger management: reflect on what make the offender angry and how it is counter productive
skills acquisition
step 2 of anger management: learn to relax through deep breathing and to assertive
application practice
step 3: role play situations where one feels angry and use skills to deal with the problem
