IGCSE Physics Flashcards
What happens when current flows through a resistor
When current flows through a resistor it heats up (this effect is used in kettles and toasters etc.)
Name some electrical conductors (low resistance, allow current to easily flow)
Metal, graphite
charge, current and time
charge = current x time
What materials does conduction happen best in and why?
Solids; particles are close together so can pass energy quickly. Works best of all in metals due to free electrons.
What is another name for the rate of flow of charge?
Current
Charge, Q
coulomb (C)
What is the nature of an electric current in a metal conductor?
A flow of negatively charged electrons flowing from the negative side of a battery or power supply
Electric current, I
amp (A)
Name some electrical insulators (high resistance, do not allow current to flow)
Plastic, wood, (pure) water
What experiment can be done to demonstrate charging by friction?
Rub a plastic rod with a cloth, show charge on coulombmeter or repel/attract other charged things.
Rub a balloon on jumper / hair stick to wall.
How can electrostatic charge cause a fire at a petrol station.
Charge builds up on car while driving
a spark when person touches car
+ fuel vapour = explosion
Give some useful uses of electrostatic charges
Paint spraying,
Chimney precipitator (smoke cleaner),
Photocopier,
Ink Jet Printer
How does a material gain a negative electrostatic charge?
Object gains electrons to gain a negative charge
How can fires be prevented when refuelling aircraft (linked to electrostatic charge)
Attach Earthing strap (to discharge aircraft) before beginning to refuel
How does a material gain a positive electrostatic charge?
Object loses electrons to gain a positive charge
What are the benefits of using electrostatically charged spray paint
Paint has same charge so repels = fine mist, no clumps.
Object has opposite charge, attracts paint into corners and around the back
When two objects with a positive electrostatic charge are close together they?
Repel as like charges repel
How can electrostatic charge be used to clean smoke in a chimney?
Smoke particles charged by wires and attracted to charged plates
What component is this?
Variable resistor
How does a fuse work
When the current goes higher than the value of the fuse it melts. This breaks the circuit and stops current flowing
What happens to the resistance of a thermistor as it is heated
High temperatures reduces the resistance of a thermistor
Give an example of an AC source and a DC source
Mains are an AC source. Batteries are DC sources
voltage, current and resistance
voltage = current x resistance
What component is this?
Bulb
What happens to the current in a circuit when the resistance is decreased?
Current increases as resistance decreases
What happens to the current in series circuit as more bulbs are added?
More bulbs in series increases the resistance and decreases the current
Resistance, R
ohm ( )
What component is this?
Diode
What happens to the resistance of an LDR as more light is shone on it?
Bright light reduces the resistance of an LDR
What component is this?
Wire
What is double insulation
Appliances with plastic cases are double insulated; even if live wire comes loose inside, a user can’t be shocked
Explain parallel circuits
Several routes for current to take, allows components to be switched on individually (e.g. lights at home), components get full supply voltage
What component is this?
Thermistor
How can you show current is flowing in a circuit
A bulb or LED will light when a current flows. Or use an ammeter (in series)
What are meters X and Y?
X is a voltmeter (in parallel)
Y is an ammeter (in series)
What component is this?
LDR (light dependent resistor)
What is the difference between Alternating Current (AC) and Direct Current (DC)
DC (direct current) only flows in one direction. AC (alternating current) constantly changes direction.
Potential Difference, V
volt (V)
Explain series circuits
Only one loop, simple, if one component fails no current flows
What component is this?
Diode
Only appliances with what sort of case need an Earth wire?
Appliances with metal cases; if the live wire comes loose someone could get a shock without an Earth wire.
Energy transferred per unit charge is known as?
Voltage
One volt is equal to one?..
One joule per coulomb
How does an Earth wire prevent electric shock
Large current flows to the Earth and blows fuse, breaking the circuit
What happens to a wire when current flows through it
Wire heats up
What appliances use the hearing effect of current?
Kettle, toaster, electric grill, electric heater
Why does a flowing current increase the temperature of a wire?
Electrons collide with lattice and transfer energy
Power, current, voltage?
power = current x voltage
What component has this I-V graph?
wire or resistor
What component has this I-V graph?
bulb
What component has this I-V graph?
diode
Describe how the current changes with voltage in wires/resistors
they are directly proportional (as long as temperature doesn’t change)
Describe how the current changes with voltage in bulbs
non-linear
Describe how the current changes with voltage in diodes
non-linear
Why is current conserved at a junction?
Electrons aren’t used up. Number of electrons entering a junction per second is the same as the number leaving per second.
If two componenets are connected in parallel what is the voltage across each one?
The same
If two componenets are connected in series what is the voltage across them
It depends on their resistances
In a series circuit is the supply voltage split across components?
Yes; voltage splits across components based on their resistances
In a parallel circuit is the supply voltage split across components?
No; voltage is the same across componenets
In a series circuit is the current the same everywhere?
Yes; current is the same everywhere
In a parallel circuit is the current the same everywhere?
No; current splits at junctions
energy transferred, charge, voltage
energy transferred = voltage x charge
What equation links pressure difference, height, density and g
pressure difference = height x density x g
What equation links density, mass and volume
density = mass / volume
When a gas or liquid is at rest, what can you say about the pressure?
at a given depth, pressure in a fluid at rest acts equally in all directions
How would you find the volume of a small irregular object (e.g. a pebble)
submerge in water. The volume of water displaced = volume of pebble
How would you find the volume of a regular object (e.g. a cube of metal)
measure each side (with ruler) and multiply together
What happens to the pressure acting in a fluid as you go deeper?
pressure increases as you go deeper into a fluid
What equation links pressure, force and area
pressure = force / area
How is electricity generated in a generator?
A large coil is spun in a strong magentic field, this causes a force on the electrons and makes them flow producing a current.
How can you increase the amount of voltage which is induced when moving a magnet into a coil?
Stronger magnet, move magnet faster
When a wire is moved through a magnetic field what happens?
A wire moving through a magnet causes a current to flow
What are circuit breakers
Circuit breakers break the circuit when the current goes higher than a certain value. Unlike fuses, they can be reset once tripped.
How can you increase the speed of a motor (or volume of a speaker)?
Stronger magnet, more current
How can you produce more electricity in a generator?
Stronger magnet, spin coil faster
What do the thumb and fingers represent when using Flemming’s Left Hand Rule?
thumb = force (direction of movement),
First Finger = Field,
seCond finger = Current
What is felt when a current-carrying wire is in a magnetic field?
A force is felt when a wire carries a current in a magnetic field
What is produced around a conductor when electrical current flows?
An electromagentic field is created when current flows
A charged partical experience no force due to a magnetic field when?
Moving parallel to field
What force is felt by the charged particle
No force felt as particle is moving parallel to field.
How are electromagnets made?
A coil of wire around an iron core
Describe how thermal energy is transferred by conduction
Particles knock into each other and pass on the energy
Describe how thermal energy is transferred by convection
Hotter regions of fluid expand, become less dense and float on colder regions
Describe how thermal energy is transferred by radiation
Thermal radiation is an electromagnetic wave.
How can you prevent heat transfer by conduction?
Use insulators (such as air)
How can you prevent heat transfer by convection?
Trap the fluids (e.g. trapping air in wool). This prevents both conduction and convection.
How can you prevent heat transfer by radiation?
Shiny surfaces are poor emitters. They also refelect the thermal radiation back.
How do radiators in your house heat a room (hint, not by radiation)
Radiators heat air which rises and produces a convection current. Cold air is drawn into the bottom of the radiator too.
How does convection produce wind?
Air is heated, expands, becomes less dense, rises, colder air rushes into the area of low pressure.
What are the advantages of fossil fuels?
Reliable (not weather dependent),
already established,
high power output
What are the advantages of geothermal power?
Renewable,
no air pollution,
low running costs, no fuel costs
What are the advantages of hydroelectric power?
Renewable,
no air pollution,
low running costs, no fuel costs
What are the advantages of nuclear power?
Reliable (not weather dependent),
already established,
high power output
What are the advantages of solar cells?
Renewable,
no air pollution,
low running costs, no fuel costs
What are the advantages of solar heating systems?
Renewable,
no air pollution,
low running costs, no fuel costs
What are the advantages of wind power?
Renewable,
no air pollution,
low running costs, no fuel costs
What are the disadvantages of fossil fuels?
Release CO2 and air pollution, mining hazardous
What are the disadvantages of geothermal power?
Only works in very specific places,
deep drilling difficult and expensive
What are the disadvantages of hydroelectric power?
Floods a large area,
disrupts people and animals
What are the disadvantages of nuclear power?
Produces long lasting radioactive waste which must be securely stored,
mining hazardous
What are the disadvantages of solar cells?
Unreliable (doesn’t work at night or when cloudy),
large area needed to replace a typical power station,
inefficient
What are the disadvantages of solar heating systems?
Unreliable (doesn’t work at night),
may need additional boiler to produce hot water
What are the disadvantages of wind power?
Unreliable (only works when windy),
needs lots of land,
visual pollution, a large number needed to replace a typical power station
What are the general advantages of renewable sources of power?
Renewable,
no air pollution,
low running costs, no fuel costs
What are the general disadvantages of renewable sources of power?
Unreliable (weather dependent),
large amount of land needed to replace a typical power station
What is the efficiency of this machine
useful output energy = 10J
total input energy = 100J
efficiency = 10/100
= 0.1 or 10%
What is the principle of conservation of energy
Energy cannot be created or destroyed; only changed from one form to another.
What materials does convection happen best in and why
Fluids (gases and liquids); particles must be free to move so can’t happen in a solid
What materials does radiation happen best in and why?
Transparent (see through) materials; thermal radiation can be absorbed by some materials and pass through others.
Why aren’t machines 100% efficient?
Typically some energy is lost to the surroundings as heat.
Energy, E
joule (J)
List the 8 energy stores
chemical, electrical, kinetic, gravitational, elastic, thermal, magnetic, electrostatic, nuclear
List the 4 energy transfers
mechanically, electrically, by heating, by radiation (light and sound)
When will an object emit thermal radiation?
When it is hotter than its surroundings
When will an object absorb thermal radiation?
When it is hotter than its surroundings
What surface is the best absorbers of thermal radiation?
Matt Black
What surface is the best emitters of thermal radiation?
Matt Black
What surface is the worst absorbers of thermal radiation?
Shiny Silver
What surface is the worst emitter of radiation?
Shiny Silver
Forces can do what to an object?
Change speed, shape or direction
weight, mass and gravitational field strength
weight = mass x gravitational field strength
Force, F
newton (N)
What is the force which opposes motion
Friction (e.g. against a road) or drag (e.g. moving through air)
force, mass and acceleration
force = mass x acceleration
What is the difference between scalar and vector quantities?
Vectors have a direction as well as a magnitude (size)
Name some vector quantities
Velocity,
displacement,
acceleration,
force,
momentum,
moment,
current
Name some scalar quantities
Speed,
mass,
volume,
time,
energy,
charge,
pressure,
power
Where does an objects weight always act
Through its centre of gravity
Factors which affect thinking distance
Speed, awareness (tired, alcohol)
What makes something an elastic material
Material regains original shape once stretching force is removed
Moment
newton metre (Nm)
What is the relationship between force and extension for a spring
Force is directly proportional to extention (if force doubles extension doubles)
What happens to the speed of an object as it falls?
What happens to its drag?
Speed increases (resultant force downwards)
drag increases
Factors which affect braking distance
Speed, weight of vehicle, quality of brakes and tryes, road surface
moment, force and perpendicular distance from pivot
moment = force x perpendicular distance from pivot
Why does an object reach terminal velocity?
As the speed and drag increase, eventually weight = drag so no resultant force
Which support provides more force? Why?
Moments about the person are equal.
A closer to person, so needs bigger force to provide same moment as B.
The initial linear part of a force-extension graph is linked to what law?
Hooke’s Law (Force is directly proportional to extension)
How can you gain accurate results when investigating force and extension of a helical spring
Take eye level readings, keep ruler vertical and close to spring
How do you calculate stopping distance?
Stopping distance = Thinking distance + Braking distance
Force, mass, acceleration
force = mass x acceleration
Weight, mass, gravitational field strength
weight = mass x g
What force is needed in the equation F = ma?
Resultant or overall force.
Which direction does friction always act?
In the opposite direction to motion
What’s wrong with -50K as a temperature?
You can’t have negative kelvin temperatures, absolute zero (0K) is the coldest temperature possible
How do gas particles exert pressure on a container
molecules collide with walls of container,
exert a force,
over a given area,
pressure = force / area
Temperature, T
kelvin (K)
How do you convert from K to C?
What is 300K in C?
What is 100K in C?
Subtract 273,
300K-273 = 27 C,
100K-273 = -173 C
How do you convert from C to K?
What is 20 C in K?
What is -40 C in K?
Add 273,
20 C + 273 = 293 K,
-40 C + 273 = 233 K
When investigating the relationship between pressure and volume what two quatities must you keep constant?
Temperature and mass of gas must be kept constant when investigating pressure and volume
What happens to the pressure of a gas in a sealed container when you heat it? Why?
Pressure increases when you heat a sealed container of gas,
molecules move faster hitting walls harder and more often,
more force exerted on same area,
pressure increases
How can air molecules move heavy smoke particles (Brownian motion)
lots of tiny, fast moving air molecules exert enough force on a smoke particle to change its direction
What happens to particles at absolute zero? What is the pressure? Why?
Paricles stop moving at absolute zero (no KE), pressure is zero as particles are not colliding with walls
What happens to the average speed of gas molecules as you heat a gas?
Average speed of gas molecules increases as you heat a gas
If you double the volume of a sealed container of gas (at a constant temperature) what happens to the presure?
Pressure will halve
If the kelvin temperature of a gas doubles, what happens to the pressure it exerts?
Pressure doubles too
What is the relationship between kelvin temperature of a gas and average kinetic energy its molecules?
Kelvin temperature is directly proportional to average kinetic energy.
Doubling the temperature (in kelvin!) doubles KE
When a magnet moves through a coil of wire what happens?
A magnet moving through a coil causes a current to flow
What is the relationship between input and output power of a transformer?
Pprimary = Psecondary
IpVp = IsVs
Why is iron used as the core for a transformer?
Soft magnetic material; gains and loses magnetism easily.
Why is the iron core in a transformer laminated?
Prevents eddy currents;
stops heating;
keeps efficiency high.
What sort of electricity is needed to make transformers work?
AC; current must change direction so magnetic field keeps changing direction
More turns on the secondary coil is what sort of transformer?
Step up; voltage is bigger across the secondary coil
Why are step up and step down transformers used in the National Grid?
Voltage stepped up (e.g 100x);
Current drops by the same amount (100x lower);
less power loss due to heating;
Stepped down to be safe in homes.
Why doesn’t DC work for transformers?
DC doesn’t change direction so the magnetic field is constant
More turns on the primary coil what sort of transformer?
Step down; voltage is bigger across the primary coil
Why is a current induced in the secondary coil?
The secondary coil sees a changing magnetic field;
electrons experience a force and move;
which induces a current
Describe the structure of a transformer
Two coils of wire wrapped around a laminated iron core
Why is the image in a mirror virtual?
The image in a mirror can’t be projected onto a screen
When a wave is refracted what two things change
Speed and direction change during refraction
When the angle of incidence is greater than the critical angle light is
Totally internally reflected
Which way does light bend when it enters a material with a higher refractive index (e.g. air to glass)
Light bends towards the normal when it goes from air to glass
refractive index and critical angle
n = 1 / sin c
refractive index = 1 / sin (critical angle)
When the angle of incidence is less than the critical angle light is
When the angle is less than the critical angle, light is refracted
refractive index, angle of incidence, angle or refraction
n = sin i / sin r
refractive index = sin (angle of incidence) / sin (angle of refraction)
What is the frequency range for human hearing
20 Hz - 20 000 Hz
What is the critical angle
When ligh hits the boundary at the critical angle the angle of refraction is 90
What is the law of reflection?
Angle of incidence = Angle of reflection
The frequency of a sound wave is linked to its?.
pitch
The amlitude of a sound wave is linked to its?.
volume
How can you find the frequency of a sound wave from an oscilloscope trace
Measure time period T (of one wave)
Use f = 1/T (careful with milli seconds)
e.g T = 3ms
so f = 1/0.003 = 333Hz
What two pieces of equipment are needed to display a sound wave?
Microphone and oscilloscope
Give some uses for total internal refelction
Fibre optic cables, reflectors, binoculors
The loundness of a sound wave is linked to its?
Amplitude
What is a magnetic field line?
A magnetic field line shows the direction of a magnetic field (N to S). Where lines are close together the field is strong.
How would you describe a uniform field (3 marks)
Field lines are straight, parallel and equally spaced in a uniform field
How can you visualise the shape of a magnetic field (3 marks)
Place magnet under paper, sprinkle iron filings on top of paper, gently tap paper so filings line up with field lines.
How can you produce a uniform magnetic field (3 marks)
Place two attracting bar magnet poles (N&S) close together, hold them in place to avoid them touching
How can you see the shape and direction of a magnetic field
Use plotting compasses
Magnets can attract?
Magnetic materials (and other magnets too)
Magnets can attract or repel?
Other magnets
What has the following magnetic field shape?
Field around a current carrying wire
What has the following magnetic field shape?
Field around a flat coil
(looks like an owl)
Magnetically hard materials….
Are difficult to magnetise but keep their magnetism
Magnetically soft materials…
Are easy to magnetise but lose their magnetism quickly
What has the following magnetic field shape?
Field around a solenoid (same shape as a bar magnet)
How can magnetism be induced in a magnetic material?
Placing a magnet close to a magnetic material will induce magnetism in the magnetic material
What is conservation of momentum?
Momentum before a collision (or explosion) is equal to the momentum after.
Assuming no external forces act.
How does bending you knees help prevent injury?
Increases collision time,
lower deceleration (a=V/t),
lower force (F=ma)
What is Newton’s third law?
If object A exerts a force on object B, object B exerts an equal and opposite force on object A
How does a stretching seatbelt reduce injury
Increases collision time,
lower deceleration (a=V/t),
lower force (F=ma)
What equation links momentum, mass and velocity?
Momentum = mass x velocity
The gradient of a velocity-time graph gives
Acceleration
The area under a velocity-time graph gives
Distance travelled
average speed, distance and time
speed = distance / time
average speed = total distance / total time
?霘The gradient of a distance-time graph gives
Speed
acceleration, change in velocity and time taken
acceleration = change in velocity / time taken
Time, t
second (s)
Velocity (initial, final), (u,v)
metre per second (m/s)
Acceleration, a
metre per second squared (m/s/s, m/s2)
How many alpha-particles take this path?
What does this show?
Some of the particles take this path.
It shows there is a charged region
What type of radioactive decay is most penetrating?
Gamma
What are the artificial sources of background radiation?
Medical sources, fallout from nuclear weapons testing and use, nuclear accidents
What are the dangers of ionising radiation?
Mutation and damage to cells and tissues
After two half-lives, how much of an original sample is left?
One quarter
What type of radioactive decay is most ionising?
Alpha
In what two ways can radioactive decay be detected?
By photographic film and by a Geiger-M/泓ler (GM) Tube
What isotope Carbon-14 often used for
radiometric dating; identifying how old something is based on the count rate of the carbon-14
After three half-lives, how much of an original sample is left?
One eighth
After four half-lives, how much of an original sample is left?
One sixteenth
How many alpha-particles take this path?
What does this show?
Very few alpha particles take this path.
It shows there is a central positivley charged region which is very tiny and very dense.
What are the natural sources of background radiation?
Radon gas, cosmic rays, the ground, food and drink
What is the role of the control rods in a nuclear reactor?
To control the rate of reaction by absorbing neutrons
What type of radioactive decay emits a helium nucleus?
Alpha
What types of radioactive decay do not change an isotope’s mass number?
Beta and Gamma
Give a danger and use for gamma
Danger = cancer, mutation,
Use = sterilising food and medical equipment
What particle was fired at gold foil during Rutherford’s experiments. What charge did it have?
Alpha particle which has a positive charge
What type of radioactive decay emits an electron?
Beta
What is the role of the moderator in a nuclear reactor?
To slow neutrons down so that they can cause new fissions
What type of radioactive decay changes both an isotope’s mass number and its atomic number?
Alpha
What type of radioactive decay does not emit a particle?
Gamma
What is the mass number?
The total number of protons and neutrons
How many alpha-particles take this path?
What does this show?
Most alpha particles take this path.
It shows most of the atom is empty space
Do isotopes have the same atomic number, or the same mass number?
Atomic number (number of protons)
What type of radioactive decay can be stopped by a sheet of paper?
Alpha
What is the atomic number?
The number of protons
What type of radioactive decay can only be stopped by a few millimetres of aluminium?
Beta
Radioactive activity, A
becquerel (Bq)
What type of radioactive decay can only be stopped by a few centimetres of lead?
Gamma
What particle do control rods absorb?
Neutrons
What type of radioactive decay can be stopped by a few centimetres of air?
Alpha
Describe the motion of gas particles
gas particles move in a random fast motion
Describe the arrangement and motion of particles in a gas
No pattern;
Able to move freely/fast;
Larger space between particles;
Describe the arrangement and motion of particles in a liquid
Irregular pattern;
Able to move over/past other particles;
Little space between particles;
What change of state happens during condensing?
gas to liquid
What change of state happens during melting?
solid to liquid
What change of state happens during boiling?
liquid to gas
What change of state happens during freezing?
liquid to solid
Describe the arrangement and motion of particles in a solid
Regular pattern OR close packed;
Vibration in position;
Little space between particles
Comets orbit what? What shapes are their orbits?
Comets orbit stars (e.g. the Sun) in elliptical orbits
Our local galaxy is called
The Milky Way
Natural satellites (e.g. moons) and artificial satellites (e.g. Hubble) orbit what?
Planets
A galaxy is made up of
Billions of stars
Why do different planets have different values of g (gravitational field strength)
Planets with more mass (e.g. Jupiter) have a higher value of g
The universe is made up of .
Billions of galaxies
Planets orbit what? What shape are their orbits?
Planets orbit stars (e.g. the Sun) in circular orbits
Define amplitude
Amplitude is the maximum displacement above the equilibrium
wave speed, frequency and wave length
wave speed = frequency x wave length
What part of the EM spectrum has the longest wavelength
Radio has the longest wavelength
Define the time period of a wave
Time period is how long it takes for a wave to pass a point
Wavelength,
metre (m)
Waves transfer without transferring .
Waves transfer energy and information without transferring matter
Frequency, f
hertz (Hz)
What is the easiest way to reduce risk of injury from microwaves, infra red, ultra violet or gamma
Avoid exposure
Give a danger and use for microwaves
Danger = internal heating of body tissue,
Use = cooking and satellite communications
Refraction is when a wave
…bends
What is the order of the EM spectrum
Radio, Microwave, Infra-red, Visible, Ultra-violet, X-ray & Gamma
Reflection is when a wave
…bounces off something
Give a use for x-rays
looking at the insides of things (medical imaging and other objects)
Give a danger and use for infra red
Danger = skin burns,
Use = cooking and night vision equipment
Describe a transverse wave and give an example
Transverse waves travel at right angles to the oscillation which caused them. E.g. light, other EM waves, Mexican Waves
What part of the EM spectrum has the highest frequency (and energy)
Gamma has the highest frequency
Give a danger and use for ultra violet
Danger = blindness and damage to surface cells,
Use = flourescent lamps, security markings
Give a use for visible light
Seeing, optical fibres, photography
Define wavelength
Wavelength is the distance between two peaks or two troughs
Describe a longitudinal wave and give an example
Longitudinal waves travel parallel to the oscillation which caused them. E.g. sound
Give a use for radio
Communictions and broadcast
Define frequency
Frequency is the number of waves going past a point per second
What is the Doppler Effect?
A change in the observed frequency of an object moving towards or away from you.
What happens to the observed frequency of a wave when its source is moving towards you?
Obsereved frequency increases
What happens to the observed wave length of a wave when its source is moving towards you?
Obsereved frequency decreases
What happens to the observed frequency of a wave when its source is moving away from you?
Observed wavelength decreases
What happens to the observed wavelength of a wave when its source is moving away from you?
Observed wavelength increases
Power, P
watt (W)
What does work done = energy transferred mean?
If you do 10J of work on a system you transfer 10J of energy to it.
The rate of doing work is also known as?
Power
If a car has 20 000J of kinetic energy, how much work do the brakes have to do to stop the car?
20 000J
efficiency, useful energy output and total energy input
efficiency = useful energy output / total energy input
(also efficiency = useful energy output / total energy output)
gravitational potential energy, mass, g and height
gravitational potential energy = mass x g x height
work done, force and distance moved
work done = force x distance moved
If an object has 100J of gravitational potential energy when on a shelf and falls off, how much kinetic energy does it have just before hitting the floor? What have you assumed?
100J. But we assume there is no air resistance (100% efficient)
One Watt is equal to what?
1 watt is 1 joule per second
energy transferred and work done
energy transferred = work done
kinetic energy, mass and speed
kinetic energy = 1/2 x mass x speed2
List the 4 types of stored (potential) energies
Gravitational, Elastic, Nuclear, Chemical
List the 5 types of non stored energies
Light, sound, thermal, kinetic, electrical
What are the energy transfers involved with fossil fuels
chemical ?? thermal ?? kinetic ?? electrical
What are the energy transfers involved with geothermal power
(nuclear) ?? thermal ?? kinetic ?? electric
What are the energy transfers involved with nuclear power
nuclear ?? thermal ?? kinetic ?? electrical
What are the energy transfers involved with solar cells
light ?? electrical
What are the energy transfers involved with solar heating systems
thermal → themal
What are the energy transfers involved with water power
gravitational ?? kinetic ?? electric
What are the energy transfers involved with wind power
kinetic ?? electric
