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Self quizzing tool > IGCSE Edexcel Biology Self Quizzing Tool - Year 10 > Flashcards

IGCSE Edexcel Biology Self Quizzing Tool - Year 10 Flashcards

1
Q

1) Define the term ‘growth’

A

A permanent increase in size; an increase in the number of cells in an organism

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2
Q

2) Define the term ‘homeostasis’, giving two examples

A

Maintenance of a constant internal environment, e.g. temperature, water levels, blood glucose levels

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3
Q

3) Define the term ‘excretion’, giving three examples of waste excretory products.

A

Removal of metabolic waste products from the body, e.g. water (sweat), CO2 (waste product of aerobic respiration) and urea (produced in liver from excess amino acids)

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4
Q

4) Define the term ‘respiration’. How is nutrition important for respiration?

A

Respiration is the release of energy (production of ATP) from food (glucose). Without proper nutrition, we will not obtain suitable nutrients to respire (e.g. glucose, amino acids, glycerol and fatty acids)

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5
Q

5) State the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

A

Prokaryotic cells (bacteria) have no membrane-bound organelles, e.g. mitochondria, chloroplasts, nucleus

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6
Q

6) State four examples of eukaryotic organisms (kingdom and specific ex.)

A

Animals > rhino, mosquito, shark, human
Plants > daffodil, wheat, daisy
Fungi > yeast, Mucor
Protoctists > amoeba, Chlorella, Plasmodium

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7
Q

7) Which kingdoms of organisms are ALWAYS unicellular?

A

Protoctists and bacteria

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8
Q

9) State the difference in cell wall composition between bacteria, fungi, plants and viruses

A

Bacteria -> MUREIN
Fungi -> CHITIN
Plants -> CELLULOSE
Viruses -> NO CELL WALL

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9
Q

10) Describe three differences in the structure of bacteria and viruses

A

Bacteria -> cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, plasmids, flagella
Viruses -> no cell wall (protein coat), no cell membrane, no cytoplasm, smaller, no plasmids

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10
Q

11) State the difference in carbohydrate storage between plants, animals, bacteria and fungi

A

Plants -> STARCH or SUCROSE
Animals -> GLYCOGEN
Bacteria -> GLYCOGEN
Fungi -> GLYCOGEN

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11
Q

12) State the names of 2 diseases caused by viruses (disease-causing organisms are called pathogens)

A

AIDS (caused by HIV)
Flu (caused by influenza virus)
Ebola (caused by Ebola virus)

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12
Q

13) State the name of a non-pathogenic bacterium and a use for this bacterium

A

Lactobacillus (used in making yoghurt)

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13
Q

14) State the name of a multicellular fungus and describe how it feeds

A

Mucor- feeds by saprotrophic nutrition, extracellular secretion of digestive enzymes which break food down into smaller pieces which can then be re-absorbed

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14
Q

15) Describe how the tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) affects plants

A

It causes discoloration of the leaves by preventing the formation of chlorophyll

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15
Q

16) Describe the difference between how bacteria and viruses reproduce

A

Bacteria divide by binary fission (asexual reproduction)

Viruses rely on a host cell to self-replicate (they inject their DNA/RNA into the host cell which becomes integrated into host genome)

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16
Q

17) Which is the only kingdom to have nervous coordination?

A

Animals

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17
Q

18) Which bacterium causes pneumonia?

A

A spherical bacterium, Pneumococcus

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18
Q

19) Put the following structures the correct order of hierarchy, starting with the lowest: Liver cell, kidney, endocrine system, plant, mitochondria, cardiac tissue

A

Mitochondria, liver cell, cardiac tissue, kidney, endocrine system, plant

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19
Q

21) Describe the functions of the cell membrane, ribosomes, mitochondria, cytoplasm and nucleus

A

Cell membrane – controls the movement of substances into and out of cells
Ribosomes – where protein synthesis takes place
Mitochondria – site of aerobic respiration, releasing energy (producing ATP) for the cell
Cytoplasm – site of chemical reactions in the cell
Nucleus – controls the activities of the cell and contains the instructions (DNA) needed to make new proteins

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20
Q

22) Describe the differences between animal cells and plant cells

A

Plant cells contain chloroplasts, a cellulose cell wall and a permanent vacuole

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21
Q

24) Describe the functions of a cellulose cell wall, a permanent vacuole and chloroplasts

A

Cellulose cell wall – strengthens a cell and gives it support
Permanent vacuole – filled with cell sap; keeps cell rigid and provides support
Chloroplasts – contain chlorophyll which absorbs light for a plant to photosynthesise

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22
Q

25) Identify the chemical elements present in carbohydrates, proteins and lipids

A

Carbohydrates: C, H, O
Proteins: C, H, O, N
Lipids: C, H, O

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23
Q

26) Describe the basic structure of carbohydrates (e.g. starch and glycogen), proteins and lipids

A

Carbohydrates: simple sugars (e.g. glucose)
Proteins: amino acids
Lipids: glycerol and fatty acids

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24
Q

27) Describe how to test chemically for the presence of carbohydrates (e.g. glucose and starch) in a sample

A

Glucose: add Benedict’s solution and HEAT in a water bath. Colour changes from blue -> brick red if glucose is present

Starch: add iodine solution. If starch is present, colour changes from brown -> blue-black

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25
Q

28) Describe how to test for lipids both physically and chemically

A

Physical test: rub sample on filter paper; if paper becomes translucent, lipid is present

Chemical test: dissolve sample in ethanol; add cold water; if lipid present, a cloudy white emulsion forms

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26
Q

29) Describe how to test chemically for proteins in a food sample

A

Add Biuret solution; if protein is present, colour changes from blue -> purple

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27
Q

30) Define the term diffusion, giving both a living and non-living practical example

A

 The movement of molecules from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration
 Down a concentration gradient
 Passive process (does not require energy/ATP)

Living system: diffusion of purple pigments out of beetroot cylinders
Non-living system: spreading out of potassium permanganate (purple) through water; diffusion of coloured dye from skittles into water

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28
Q

31) Define the term osmosis, giving both a living and non-living practical example

A

 The movement of water molecules
 From a region of higher water concentration to a region of lower water concentration
 Across a partially permeable membrane
Living system: movement of water in and out of potato cylinders when exposed to differing concentrations of sucrose/salt solution
Non-living system: movement of water in and out of Visking tubing when exposed to differing concentrations of sucrose/salt solution

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29
Q

32) Define the term active transport, giving two examples where this process occurs in a living organism

A

 The movement of molecules (e.g. glucose) or ions
 From a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration (against a concentration gradient)
 Requires energy/ATP from respiration
Examples include: movement of mineral ions into root hair cells from the soil; movement of glucose/amino acids from small intestine into bloodstream

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30
Q

33) Describe how the following factors all affect the rate of movement into and out of cells: surface area to volume ratio, distance, temperature and concentration gradient

A

 Increased temperature, particles have increased kinetic energy so move faster and more
 Smaller distance -> reduced movement time
 Increased SA:Vol -> increased rate of movement
 Steeper concentration gradient -> increased rate of movement

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31
Q

34) Describe what is meant by the term photosynthesis

A

The process by which a plant makes its own food (glucose; converted into starch or sucrose for storage)- photoautotrophic nutrition.

The conversion of light energy into (stored) chemical energy

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32
Q

35) Write a word and balanced chemical equation for photosynthesis

A

Carbon dioxide + water -> glucose + oxygen

6CO2 + 6H2O -> C6H12O6 + 6O2

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33
Q

39) Explain how the upper epidermis of a leaf is adapted for photosynthesis

A

Clear/transparent to allow light through to reach the palisade cells

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34
Q

40) Explain the purpose of the waxy cuticle on a leaf’s upper surface

A

 Waterproofing (excess water can run off)
 Reduces water loss by transpiration
 Protects the leaf from excess light (reflects much of the sunlight)

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35
Q

41) Explain how the palisade mesophyll cells are adapted for photosynthesis

A

 Regular oblong shape; tightly packed together; means maximum light absorbed for photosynthesis
 Contains most chloroplasts in leaf to absorb maximum sunlight

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36
Q

42) Explain how the spongy mesophyll cells are adapted for photosynthesis

A

 Contain chloroplasts for photosynthesis
 Air spaces between cells act as reservoirs for CO2; maintains high concentration gradient for diffusion into cells

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37
Q

43) Explain how the vascular bundle is important for the leaf in photosynthesis

A

 Xylem vessels transport water to the cells in the leaf from the roots
 Phloem vessels transport sucrose away from the leaf to other parts of the plant

38
Q

44) Describe the role of stomata in the lower epidermis in photosynthesis

A

 Stomata are open during the day (when there is light from the sun) to allow CO2 to enter the air spaces in the leaf; they also allow O2 to leave (waste product of photosynthesis)
 Stomata close during the night to conserve water when there is not much light
 The size of the stomatal pore is controlled by guard cells

39
Q

45) Describe the role of magnesium and nitrates for plant growth. How do they enter the plant?

A

 Magnesium is used in chlorophyll synthesis
 Nitrates are used to make amino acids (joined together to make proteins)
 Mineral ions enter via active transport from the soil into root hair cells

40
Q

47) Describe an experiment that tests how the production of starch affects the photosynthesis of a plant.

A

 Destarch a plant in a dark cupboard for 24 hours (plant converts starch into glucose, which it then respires to release energy and keep itself alive)
 Place a plant in bright sunlight for a few hours to allow it to photosynthesise
 Test leaf for presence of starch (if starch is present, plant has been photosynthesising)

41
Q

48) Describe and explain how to SAFELY test a leaf for the presence of starch

A

 Place leaf in boiling water (to kill leaf by denaturing the enzymes)
 Boil leaf in ethanol (make sure no naked flames present; i.e. use water bath) to remove chlorophyll. NB: ethanol has a lower boiling point than water so a water bath is sufficient
 Dip leaf in hot water again to soften/remove excess ethanol
 Flood with iodine solution; if starch present, leaf will turn blue-black

42
Q

51) Define the term ‘balanced diet’

A

Appropriate proportions of all major food groups, including carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, minerals, water and dietary fibre

43
Q

52) Identify two sources of each of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids. Give the functions of each nutrient.

A

Carbohydrates: pasta, rice, sugar, potatoes (respired to release energy/produce ATP)
Proteins: meat, fish (used in growth and repair; respired to release energy/produce ATP)
Lipids: butter, oils (insulation, high energy store, padding)

44
Q

53) Vitamins A, C and D are all important for maintaining crucial body functions. State a source of each and a function.

A

Vitamin A: carrots, sweet potato (healthy skin and hair; good night vision)
Vitamin C: citrus fruits (prevents scurvy)
Vitamin D: sunlight, eggs, oily fish (healthy bones, calcium absorption)

45
Q

54) Calcium and iron are vital mineral ions for us to have in our diet. State a source of each and their functions.

A

Calcium: milk, cheese (bone/teeth development)
Iron: red meat, spinach (makes haemoglobin)

46
Q

55) State a source of dietary fibre and suggest a consequence of insufficient fibre in our diet

A

Sources: fruit, vegetables, cereals, wholemeal bread
Lack of fibre can lead to constipation

47
Q

56) What three main factors do energy requirements depend upon?

A

Age
Gender (e.g. pregnancy in females)
Activity levels (sedentary jobs vs active jobs)

48
Q

58) Define the term ‘respiration’

A

A process that produces ATP (releases energy) in living organisms to be used for growth, protein synthesis, movement etc.

49
Q

59) Write a word equation for aerobic and anaerobic respiration in mammals

A

Aerobic
Glucose+oxygen -> carbon dioxide+water+energy
Anaerobic
Glucose -> lactic acid (+ energy)

50
Q

60) Write a balanced chemical equation for aerobic respiration

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O

51
Q

61) Write a word equation for anaerobic respiration in plants and fungi. Suggest two commercial foodstuffs that this process is used to make

A

Glucose -> Ethanol + carbon dioxide

Brewing beer; baking bread; making yoghurt

52
Q

63) Describe how air is taken into the lungs in inhalation. (HINT: consider the diaphragm and intercostal muscles)

A

 Intercostal muscles contract; ribcage moves up and out
 Diaphragm contracts (flattens; moves down), increasing the volume of the thorax and therefore decreasing the pressure
 Air moves into lungs down a pressure gradient

53
Q

64) Describe the role of the diaphragm in exhalation

A

Relaxes; becomes dome-shaped (moves up); volume of thorax decreases and pressure increases

54
Q

65) What structures within the lungs prevent friction between the lungs and ribcage?

A

Pleural membranes (contain pleural fluid to act as a lubricant)

55
Q

67) Explain how alveoli are adapted for gas exchange by diffusion between air in lungs and blood in capillaries

A

 Large surface area for gas exchange
 Moist lining for gases to dissolve in
 Thin walls; decreases diffusion distance
 Great blood supply (capillaries) to maintain a high concentration gradient
 Permeable walls for diffusion

56
Q

68) Describe and explain the biological consequences of smoking

A

 Damages alveolar walls, reducing their surface area (EMPHYSEMA)
 Tar damages cilia; this means infections more likely due to build up of mucus containing pathogens (CHRONIC BRONCHITIS)
 Tar irritates bronchi/bronchioles encouraging mucus to be produced (SMOKER’S COUGH)
 Carbon monoxide binds irreversibly to haemoglobin in red blood cells (FATIGUE)
 Tobacco smoke contains carcinogens (CANCER)

57
Q

69) Describe experiments to investigate the effect of exercise on breathing rate and to demonstrate that CO2 is produced

A

 Sit still for 4 minutes and then count breaths in a minute; do four minutes of exercise and count breaths for one minute; repeat steps above and calculate a mean (ensure exercise is same; breaths being counted in same way etc.)
 Release of carbon dioxide in breathing can be demonstrated by breathing into limewater; turns cloudy

58
Q

70) Why is simple diffusion sufficient for unicellular organisms but multicellular organisms require a transport system

A

 Short diffusion distance in unicellular organisms across cell membrane
 Direct diffusion would be too slow in multicellular organisms; substances would have to travel large distances to reach every cell

59
Q

71) State the four main components of blood and briefly describe their functions

A

 Red blood cells: carry/transport oxygen to respiring cells
 White blood cells: phagocytes engulf and digest pathogens; lymphocytes produce antibodies
 Platelets: involved in blood clotting
 Plasma: transports CO2, heat energy, hormones, digested products, urea

60
Q

72) Describe how red blood cells are adapted for the transport of oxygen

A

 Biconcave shape: large SA:Vol ratio
 No nucleus: more space for haemoglobin therefore more oxygen can be carried
 Haemoglobin: binds reversibly to oxygen
 Thin, elastic membrane: short diffusion distance; cells can squeeze through small gaps

61
Q

73) Describe the role of phagocytes and lymphocytes in fighting infection

A

 Phagocytes engulf and digest invading pathogens using enzymes
 Lymphocytes produce antibodies specific to a particular antigen

62
Q

74) *Describe the role of vaccination in defence against future infection

A

 Enables manufacture of memory cells
 Memory cells enable future antibody production (to a known pathogen) to occur sooner, faster and in greater quantity

63
Q

75) Describe the role of platelets in blood clotting

A

Prevent blood loss and entry of microorganisms

64
Q

77) Explain how exercise and adrenaline increase heart rate

A

 Exercise- muscles need more energy so you respire more; more oxygen must be taken in and more CO2 removed; heart rate increases

 Adrenaline- acts on receptors in the heart; cardiac muscle contracts more frequently and with more force; increased oxygen and glucose supply to respiring tissues ready for fight/flight

65
Q

78) Describe the function of valves. Name the specific locations of valves in the heart

A

 Valves prevent the backflow of blood
 Tricuspid valve prevents backflow from right ventricle into right atrium
 Bicuspid (mitral valve prevents backflow from left ventricle into left atrium
 Semilunar valves prevent backflow from (i) pulmonary artery into right ventricle and (ii) aorta into left ventricle

66
Q

79) Why does the left ventricle have a thicker muscular wall than the right ventricle?

A

Blood has to be pumped to all organs of the body except the lungs (right ventricle only pumps blood to lungs); greater force required

67
Q

81) Describe how certain factors can increase the risk of developing coronary heart disease

A

 Diet high in cholesterol/saturated fat; can form fatty deposits in arteries -> CHD
 Smoking -> increases blood pressure which can cause damage to the insides of the coronary arteries -> atherosclerosis
 Inactivity/obesity -> high blood pressure can damage lining or arteries; fatty deposits may form

68
Q

82) Describe the nature and direction of the blood carried in arteries and veins

A

 Arteries carry blood away from the heart; blood is oxygenated (except pulmonary artery) and at high pressure
 Veins carry blood towards the heart; blood is deoxygenated (except pulmonary vein) and at low pressure

69
Q

83) Describe how the structure of arteries, veins and capillaries relates to their function

A

 Artery walls are strong and elastic (i.e. they can expand) which enables blood to be carried under high pressure; lumen is narrow to ensure high pressure
 Veins carry blood at low pressure so walls don’t contain as much muscle/elastic; wide lumen; valves to prevent backflow of blood
 Capillaries are really small; permeable walls for exchange of substances; thin walls to decrease diffusion distance; supply cells with glucose and oxygen

70
Q

84) Name the largest artery + largest vein in the body

A

Aorta (artery) and vena cava (vein)

71
Q

85) Define the term population

A

The number of organisms of a particular species in a habitat

72
Q

86) Define the term community

A

Multiple populations of organisms within a habitat

73
Q

87) Define the term habitat

A

The place where an organism lives

74
Q

88) Define the term ecosystem

A

Multiple communities of interacting organisms and their environment (abiotic factors)

75
Q

89) What is meant by the term trophic level?

A

A feeding level in a food chain

76
Q

90) What name is given to the organism at the start of the food chain? How do they get their energy?

A

Producers: make glucose during photosynthesis (glucose can then be respired to release energy or stored as starch/sucrose)

77
Q

91) What do the arrows in a food chain represent?

A

Transfer of energy (around 10% is transferred from one organism to another)

78
Q

92) State three ways in which energy is lost between trophic levels

A

Respiration (movement, lost as heat energy, energy used for growth)
Excretion (CO2, urea, water), egestion
Not all organism eaten/not all digestible (bones, fur etc.)

79
Q

93) State three processes in the carbon cycle that release CO2 back into the atmosphere

A

Respiration of animals and plants
Decomposition (respiration) by bacteria/fungi (decomposers)
Burning (combustion) of fossil fuels

80
Q

94) State the name of a process that removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere

A

Photosynthesis

81
Q

95) *State the role of nitrogen-fixing bacteria in the nitrogen cycle

A

Convert nitrogen gas (air/soil) into ammonia; they are found in root nodules of leguminous plants (e.g. beans, peas, clover)

82
Q

96) *State the role of nitrifying bacteria in the nitrogen cycle

A

Conversion of ammonia into nitrites; conversion of nitrites into nitrates (soluble, useable form of nitrogen for a plant)

83
Q

97) *State the role of denitrifying bacteria in the nitrogen cycle

A

Conversion of nitrates into nitrogen gas

84
Q

98) *State the role of decomposers in the nitrogen cycle

A

Break down dead/decaying animal/plant matter into ammonia

85
Q

99) Name two pollutant gases and their effects

A

Carbon monoxide (binds to haemoglobin); sulfur dioxide (dissolves in rainwater to form acid rain)

86
Q

100) State the names of 5 greenhouse gases

A

Nitrous oxides, methane, carbon dioxide, CFCs, water vapour

87
Q

101) Describe how an enhanced greenhouse effect can lead to global warming

A

 Increased CO2 means layer of greenhouse gases thicker
 More long wave infrared radiation trapped inside Earth’s atmosphere

88
Q

102) Describe some effects of global warming

A

 Melting polar ice caps (sea levels rising/flooding)
 Habitat destruction (polar bears)
 Desertification
 Extreme weather events more regular

89
Q

103) Describe the biological consequences of pollution of water by sewage

A

 Eutrophication (fertilisers, pesticides etc. leached into waterways)
 Increased minerals for algae in lake (algal bloom forms on surface)
 Sunlight blocked from photosynthesising plants; these die
 Decomposers break these down and use all the oxygen in the water
 Lake becomes starved of oxygen and all aquatic life dies

90
Q

104) State four effects of deforestation

A

 Leaching
 Soil erosion
 Disturbance of evapotranspiration/carbon cycle
 Balance of atmospheric gases disturbed

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