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IGCSE Biology > IGCSE Biology Vocabulary > Flashcards

IGCSE Biology Vocabulary Flashcards

1
Q

movement

A

an action by an organism or part of an organism causing a change of position or place

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2
Q

respiration

A

the chemical reactions in cells that break down nutrient molecules and release energy for metabolism

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3
Q

sensitivity

A

the ability to detect or sense stimuli in the internal or external environment and make appropriate responses

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4
Q

growth

A

a permanent increase in size and dry mass by an increase in the cell number or cell size or both

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5
Q

excretion

A

removal from organisms of the waste products of metabolism, toxic materials, and substances in excess of requirements

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6
Q

nutrition

A

taking in materials for energy, growth, and development

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7
Q

reproduction

A

making more of the same kind of organism

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8
Q

species

A

group of organisms that can reproduce to produce fertile offspring

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9
Q

binomial system

A

an internationally agreed system in which the scientific name of an organism is made up of two parts showing the genus and species

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10
Q

tissue

A

a group of cells with similar structures, working together to perform a shared function

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11
Q

organ

A

a structure made up of a group of tissues, working together to perform specific functions

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12
Q

organ system

A

a group of organs with related functions working together to perform body functions

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13
Q

diffusion

A

the net movement of particles from a region of their higher concentration to a lower concentration down a concentration gradient, as a result of random movement

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14
Q

osmosis

A

the net movement of water molecules from a region of higher water potential (a dilute solution) to a region of lower water potential (a concentrated solution) through a partially permeable membrane

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15
Q

active transport

A

the movement of particles through a membrane fro ma region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration using energy from respiration

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16
Q

catalyst

A

a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction and is not changed by the reaction

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17
Q

enzyme

A

a protein that functions as a biological catalyst

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18
Q

photosynthesis

A

the process by which plants manufacture carbohydrates from raw materials using energy from light

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19
Q

limiting factor

A

something present in the environment in such short supply that it restricts life processes

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20
Q

ingestion

A

taking substance into the body through the mouth

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21
Q

mechanical digestion

A

breakdown of food into smaller pieces without chemical change to the food molecules

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22
Q

chemical digestion

A

breakdown of large, insoluble molecules into small soluble molecules

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23
Q

absorption

A

movement of small food molecules and ions through the walls of the intestine into the blood

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24
Q

assimilation

A

movement of digest food molecules into the cells of the body where they are used, becoming part of the cells

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25
Q

egestion

A

passing out of food that has not been digested or absorbed, as feces, through the anus

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26
Q

transpiration

A

the loss of water vapor from plant leaves by evaporation of water at the surfaces of mesophyll cells followed by diffusion of water vapor through the stomata

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27
Q

translocation

A

the movement of sucrose and amino acids in phloem from regions of production to regions of storage (source) or regions where they are used in respiration or growth (sink)

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28
Q

source

A

region of the plant from which sucrose or amino acids are being transported

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29
Q

sink

A

region of the plant to which sucrose or amino acids are being transported

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30
Q

pathogen

A

a disease causing organism

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31
Q

transmissible disease

A

a disease in which the pathogen can be passed from one host to another

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32
Q

active immunity

A

defense against a pathogen by antibody production in the body

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33
Q

passive immunity

A

short-term defense against a pathogen by antibodies acquired from another individual (mother to infant)

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34
Q

aerobic respiration

A

the chemical reaction in cells that use oxygen to break down nutrient molecules to release energy

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35
Q

anaerobic respiration

A

the chemical reactions in cells that break down nutrient molecules to release energy without using oxygen

36
Q

deamination

A

the removal of of the nitrogen-containing part of amino acids to form urea

37
Q

synapse

A

a junction between two neurons

38
Q

sense organ

A

groups of receptor cell responding to specific stimuli (light, sound, touch, temperature, and chemicals)

39
Q

hormones

A

a chemical substance produced by a gland and carried by the blood, which alters the activity of one or more specific target organs

40
Q

homeostasis

A

the maintenance of a constant internal environment

41
Q

gravitropism

A

a response in which parts of a plant grow towards or away from gravity

42
Q

phototropism

A

a response in which parts of a plant grow towards or away from the direction from which light is coming

43
Q

drug

A

a substance taken into the body that modifies or affects chemical reactions in the body

44
Q

asexual reproduction

A

a process resulting in the production of genetically identical offspring from one parent

45
Q

sexual reproduction

A

a process involving the fusion of the nuclei of two gametes to form a zygote and the production of offspring that are genetically different from one another

46
Q

fertilization

A

the fusion of gamete nuclei

47
Q

pollination

A

the transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma

48
Q

self-pollination

A

the transfer of pollen grains from the anther of a flower to the stigma of the same flower, or a different flower on the same plant

49
Q

cross-pollination

A

the transfer of pollen grains from the anther of a flower to the stigma of a flower on a different plant of the same species

50
Q

sexually transmitted infection

A

an infection that is transmitted via body fluids through sexual contact

51
Q

allele

A

version of a gene

52
Q

inheritance

A

the transmission of genetic information form generation to generation

53
Q

chromosome

A

a thread-like structure made of DNA, which carries genetic information in the form of genes

54
Q

gene

A

a length of DNA that codes for a protein

55
Q

haploid nucleus

A

a nucleus containing a single set of unpaired chromosomes (such as in gametes)

56
Q

diploid nucleus

A

a nucleus containing two sets of chromosomes (such as in body cells)

57
Q

mitosis

A

nuclear division giving rise to cells that are genetically identical

58
Q

meiosis

A

reductive division in which chromosome number is halved from diploid to haploid, resulting in genetically different cells

59
Q

genotype

A

the genetic make-up of an organism in terms of alleles present

60
Q

phenotype

A

the observable features of an organism

61
Q

homozygous

A

having two identical alleles of a particular gene

62
Q

heterozygous

A

having two different alleles of a particular gene

63
Q

dominant

A

an allele that is expressed if it present

64
Q

recessive

A

an allele that is only expressed when there is no dominant allele of the gene present

65
Q

sex-linked characteristic

A

a characteristic in which the gene responsible is located on a sex-chromosome and that makes it more common in one sex than in the other

66
Q

variation

A

differences between individuals of the same species

67
Q

mutation

A

change in the base sequence of DNA

68
Q

adaptive feature

A

the inherited features of an organism that increase its fitness

69
Q

fitness

A

the probability of an organism surviving and reproducing in the environment in which it is found

70
Q

process of adaptation

A

the process resulting from natural selection by which populations become more suited to their environment over many generations

71
Q

genetic engineering

A

changing the genetic material of an organism by removing, changing, or inserting individual genes

72
Q

food chain

A

a diagram showing the transfer of energy from one organism to another, beginning with a producer

73
Q

food web

A

a network of interconnected food chains

74
Q

producer

A

an organism that makes its own organic nutrients, usually using energy from sunlight

75
Q

consumer

A

an organism that gets its energy by feeding on other organisms

76
Q

herbivore

A

an animal that gets its energy by eating plants

77
Q

carnivore

A

an animal that gets its energy by eating other animals

78
Q

omnivore

A

an animal that gets its energy by eating both plants and other animals

79
Q

decomposer

A

an organism that gets its energy from dead or waste organic material

80
Q

trophic level

A

the position of an organism in a food chain, food web, pyramid of numbers or pyramid of biomass

81
Q

population

A

a group of organisms of one species living in the same area at the same time

82
Q

community

A

all the population of different species in an ecosystem

83
Q

ecosystem

A

a unit containing the community of organisms and their environment interacting together

84
Q

sustainable resource

A

once that is produced as rapidly as it is removed from the environment so that it does not run out

85
Q

sustainable development

A

development providing for the needs of an increasing human population without harming the environment

IGCSE Biology (1 decks)

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