IFSTA 3rd Edition Flashcards
What training can you expect from the AHJ?
SOP’s, SOG’s, and Policies.
How do HAZMAT Techs differ from OPS and Awareness Personnel?
More aggressive role to stop the spread or release. More hazardous atmospheres.
What does APIE-T Stand for?
Analyze, Plan, Implement, Evaluate, Terminate
Three Components of Risk Based Response?
Facts (What we Know), Science (Chemistry) Circumstances (Incident Specific)
Why should the Tech know containers?
TO understand what may be inside
What question must be asked before planning a response?
What strategies
Offensive or Defensive Mitigation
What equipment and PPE
IS there a back up team
What decon
What roles do techs have when implementing the response?
Offensive posture
Assigned duties
Use PPE
Perform Control Measures
Conduct/undergo Decontamination
What is involved in the Evaluation of APIE?
Are efforts working?
Will desired Outcome be achieved?
What happens during APIE Termination?
Document the incident/site operations
ID Lessons Learned
Debrief Responders
Conduct post incident critique
What characteristics of the HAZMAT Must be understood to mitigate the incident?
State of matter
Product info
Toxic inhalation hazards
Flammability hazards
Toxicity hazards
Dispersion characteristics
Reactivity characteristics
Radiation ?
What info must be obtained to determine PPE
Permiation data’
Physical and other hazards posed by the chemical
How does the mobility of a solid change if its surface area is reduced?
May become more mobile
Why is gas the most dangerous
Hard to control, large energy ammount, high pressures, very cold, Large vapor expansion
Relationship between temperature and pressure?
As Temp rises or falls, pressure does the same. Gas molecules speed up, expand, exert more perssure
To lean to burn?
Below its LEL, not enough fuel
Can you reduce a materials vapor pressure?
Cool the material
Why are “Critical Points” important to know at a hazmat incident?
When a critical point is reached, the reaction cannot be stopped. This may cause injuries
How does temperature affect state of matter?
Change of phase always occurs with change of HEAT. Material contract when cold, expand when heated.
Anhydrous, hydrophobic, hydrophilic
Without water, repels water, absorbs water.
Difference between solution and slurry
Solution is completely mixed, slurry still has particles.
How are concentrations expressed?
Percent, PPB, PPM, mg/m3 , microns
Difference between miscible and soluble?
Miscible= chemical will completely mix with each other creating a uniform solution
Soluble: will dissolve in water, has a solubility limit
How does polarity affect solubility?
If the material is polar it is soluble to some extent. Non polar materials are not soluble.
What info does the atomic number tell you?
Number of protons in nucleous, atomic weight.
Difference between metal/non metal/metaoids.
Metals: Solids, Good conductors, can be shaped
Non Metals: Solid or gas, poor conductors, cannot be shaped, (Bromine is liquid)
Metalloid: Do not fit specific characteristics of any of the above.
How are metals stored?
IN oil, insert gas, or vacuumed to prevent water exposure.
How to extinguish metal fires?
Metal x or other special extinguisher because they can ignite hydrogens
Primary hazards of halogens?
Reactive, toxic, strong oxidizer
How is bond energy released?
Bond energy is released when the bond is broken.
Why can certain monitoring equipment not detect salts?
Because they cannot detect chemicals with ionic bonds.
Four types of hydrocarbons and bonds?
Alkane=single bond
Alkene= double bond
Alkyne= triple bond
Resonant bonds: Double bonds that rotate between carbons
Characteristics of Ionic Bonds
Solids
No vapor
No Flash Point
No LEL/UEL
No Plymerization
Caustic or Basic solutions.
Detected with IR/PID/FID
Water or Air Reactive
Characteristics of Covalant Bonds
Solid, liquid or gas
Vapors
Flammable
Explosive
May Polymerize
More Easily detected. (PID, FID, IR, Spectomotry)
What make a material a strong oxidizer?
Its ability to give up oxygen atoms to free them to work with other reactions.
Four things that can impact speed of reactions.
Inhibitors or Catalysts
Temperature
Pressure
Pressure
Particulate Size
Other than fire what can cause severe burns
Explosives, chemical reactions, molten materials. Steam
What will gas do in confined space?
Expand to fill the space. Displacing the oxygen.
What might air reactive materials also react with?
CO2 or H2o
Water reactive material hazards
Flammable gas
Heat
Corrosive solutions
Toxic Gasses
Shock or friction sensitive material
Ammonium perchlorate
Calcium Nitrate
Nitroglycerin
Organic Peroxide
Clues to light sensitive material
Amber bottles and metal canisters.
Peroxide reaches SADT?
Decompose, violent release from container, heat
Why is household hydrogen peroxide safe?
Concentration of 3-12 percent. It’s diluted.
How are organic peroxides shipped?
Refrigerated potentially with inhibitors
How are organic peroxides shipped?
Refrigerated potentially with inhibitors
Why are chlorates, perchlorate, and oxysalts dangerous if not flammable.
They release oxygen when they decompose supporting combustion
Bacteria vs virus vs organic toxin
Bacteria: Can replicate, Single cell
Virus: Needs a host to replicate’, Smaller
Toxin: Non living biological , produced by living things.
what radiation units are used in English system?
Rad
REM
Roetegen
Currie
Difference between accuracy and reliability
Accuracy is instrument vs the actual concentration
Reliability is ability to produce consistent readings.
Difference between calibration and bump test
Calibration adjusts the instrument
bump test verifies it with a known concentrations
When do I need a correction factor?
When a relative response (response to gas other than calibration gas or PID) is obtained and you know what that gas is.
when are action levels established?
They are established related to identified and unidentified hazards.
What hazards should you monitor for in confined space or container?
Gasses, vapors, O2 displacement.
Public safety sampling vs evidence collection
Public safety samples determine hazards present
Evidence samples are used for criminal proceedings.
What is purpose of field screening?
To rule out specific hazards before samples are sent to laboratory
Why are o2 sensors used with other sensors
Many sensors require specific oxygen levels to be accrurate.
What does temperature do to LEL Meters?
Hotter temps cause higher readings.
Two types of non dispersive IR
Co2 and a thermal variant.
Three advantages of Co detectors that use Electrochemical sensors
Require low power, Operate at room temp, display Co as well as cross sensitivity to other chemicals.
What do Metal Oxide sensors detect
Gasses such as Methanane and h2s
Why are color metric tests so useful
Reliable Cheap Easy to use
Three types of radiation detection and what do they measure
Instruments that measure exposure (Gas Filled)
Contamination’ (gas Filled and scintillator)
Personal Dosimeters (Total accumulated dose for the person)
Advantages and limitations of PID
Very sensitive
Require ionization potential
Limited strength lamps
Lamp can get dusty
Lamp gets old
Condensation and moisture
What do immuno assays detect?
They detect biological antigens.
Why the need to monitor for halogenated hydrocarbons?
Carcinogen and serious health risk
What do FIDs detect?
Carbon and hydrogen, so organic hydrocarbons.
Limitation of Ion mobility scanners
Dependent on the vapor pressure of the material.
When would u use gamma ray spectrometer
To locate GAMMA radiation. It can differentiate between commercial/medical or illicit material.
Three limitations of FT IR Technology
water affects results, must physically handle the product to analyze, requires a reach back, Should not be done in the field, internally calibrated.
How does water interfere with IR Spectophotometry
Has a strong IR Spectrume and may obscure other substances.
How does DNA Flouroscopy work?
Cases DNA/RNA to fluoresce.
Use of ATP Meter in the field
To determine effectiveness of sanitization after cleaning a surface.
What is the difference between the IAP and SSP plan?
IAP Contains the incident objectives, tactics, and resources, the SSP is a component of the IAP and is an in depth health and safety plan for the incident and must be reviewed by anyone in the hot zone. Developed by HAZMAT Group Sup.
Three strategic modes of operation
Non intervention: Do not go near the HAZMAT and focus on public protective actions
Defensive: Confined the HAZMAT to the area without directly contacting. Defend areas not yet impacted
Offensive: Direct action against the material or container.
Strategy vs Tactics
Strategies are objectives
Tactics are tasks or actions.
Where do you find instructions to request additional assets?
Local emergency response plans, mutual/auto aid agreements.
Confinement vs Containment
Confinement is for spills that are already out of container
Containment is containing the spill within its original or new container.
Incident Termination vs Recovery
Termination involves returning site to the original responsible party
Recovery involves returning the response agencies to state of readiness.
What are some incident safety measures required at HAZMAT Incidents?
Safety Brief, Emergency Procedure, Buddy System and Back up Teams, Med monitoring and exposure control
When is a safety briefing required?
Before PPE is donned and the Hazardous area is entered.
Primary benefit of the buddy system
To provide rapid help in an emergency
Items included in pre entry medical evaluation
BP, HR, Temp, Weight, lungs, skin, AxO, Medical History, Hydration documentation or other AHJ Requirements
What information should be included in Activity Logs
Incident Name, Operational Period, Unit Designation, Unit Leader, Personnel Assigned
What to include in exposure documentation
Type of Exposure, Duration, PPE Used, Type of Decon, On scene and subsequent medical Care.
What to include on entry/exit logs
Name of entry team leader, Radio Frequency used, Each individual in the Hot Zone, Each individual on the back up team.
What should be included in the written CPC program for an agency ?
Selection of RPP and CPC
Limitations of the PPE during use,
Proper maintenance
‘Proper Storage
Required Training
Proper wear and fit
Benefits of using a SAR or combination SCBA at an incident?
Do not have to carry an air supply. Best for prolonged use scenarios or static operations
Combination SCBA is flexible and can extend work durations.
Why are turnouts not appropriate for most HAZMAT incidents?
Not corrosive or vapor resistant. Chemical can permeate the turn outs. Can cause repeat exposures.
When to use high temperature CPC?
When short term exposure to high temp may exceed standard firefighting PPE. Proximity Suites and entry suits.
How is flame resistant clothing designed to protect the wearer?
Inherently Flame Resistant: made from resistant material
Flame retardant: Treated with chemical
Designed for all day use in areas of “Potential” exposure.
What to consider when selecting PPE?
Chemical and physical hazards
Exposure duration
Available protective clothing or equipment
Compliance with regulations
Actions if your PPE is compromised at an incident
Rapid exit, Decon, Medical Evaluation
General guidelines for donning/doffing PPE
Mission brief before donning PPE, stay off air until given green light to enter, back up team may stage in hot zone.
Allow Doffing personnel to take off gear.
Entry team does not touch outside of their own PPE
Zipped and stored inside out once off
SCBA set aside for decontamination
Entry team removes own face piece
Inner nitrile gloves come off last
All go to rehab immediately.
After use inspection of PPE
Visual
Tactile
Pressure test
Soap bubble test
Light bar test
Document results.
Decon and storage of CPC after use
IAW AHJ guidelines, Manufacture Guideliens and NFPA 1981 Away from contaminants and sunlight to avoid degredation.
